Patterns of Glucose Fluctuation are Challenging in Patients Treated for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline and Metabolic Characteristics of the Study Patients

Characteristics	All Patients (N=20)	Men (N=12)	Women (N=8)
Age (years)	55.20 ± 6.48	59.50 ± 3.73	48.75 ± 3.62
Weight (kg)	83.01±18.86	95.02±14.02	65.00±6.23
Height (cm)	173.20±8.91	178.67±4.38	165.00±7.58
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.68±4.37	28.88±3.60	23.38±3.25
WC (cm)	96.95±16.41	106.60±11.37	82.47±11.33
HC (cm)	104.35±7.56	107.25±6.62	100.00±7.07
Family History of Diabetes
Yes	9 (45%)	7 (58.3%)	2 (25.0%)
No	11 (55%)	5 (41.7%)	6 (75.0%)
TC (mmol/L)	5.87±0.80	5.97±0.86	5.72±0.72
TG (mmol/L)	3.13±1.06	3.33±1.11	2.84±0.97
HDL-C (mmol/L)	2.63±0.47	2.61±0.54	2.65±0.39
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.25±0.86	3.37±0.98	3.07±0.65
HbA1c (%)	6.05±0.96	6.27±0.99	5.72±0.88
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	43.0±10.5	45.0±10.8	39.0±9.6
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.76±0.87	5.98±0.85	5.44±0.86
Fructosamine (µmol/L)	254.34±74.34	275.56±76.58	222.50±62.09

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables and as percentages for categorically distributed variables. Reference range: TC <5.0, TG <1.7, HDL-C >1.0, LDL-C <3.0, HbA1c <6.0 (42.0), fasting glucose 3.9–5.4, fructosamine <285.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.

Table 2 Overview of Baseline and Metabolic Characteristics of Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients

Characteristics	All Patients (N=20)	Diabetics (N=11)	Nondiabetics (N=9)	P
Age (years)	55.20 ± 6.48	57.36±5.05	52.56±5.05	0.100
Weight (kg)	83.01±18.86	84.80±17.26	80.33±21.52	0.653
Height (cm)	173.20±8.91	173.09±7.92	173.33±10.50	0.954
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.68±4.37	27.27±4.29	25.94±4.60	0.513
WC (cm)	96.95±16.41	97.81±16.15	95.89±17.65	0.802
HC (cm)	104.35±7.56	104.00±8.67	104.78±6.41	0.826
Diabetes duration (years)	2.05±2.48	3.72±2.20	0	0.000
Family History of Diabetes				0.006
Yes	9 (45%)	8 (72%)	1 (11%)
No	11 (55%)	3 (27%)	8 (89%)
Medication				0.000
Yes	11 (55%)	11 (100%)	0
No	9 (45%)	0	9 (100%)
TC (mmol/L)	5.87±0.80	6.20±0.80	5.47±0.61	0.037
TG (mmol/L)	3.13±1.06	3.04±1.24	3.24±0.85	0.681
HDL-C	2.63±0.47	2.63±0.39	2.63±0.58	0.960
LDL-C	3.25±0.86	3.59±0.90	2.83±0.62	0.046
HbA1c (%)	6.05±0.96	6.85±0.41	5.07±0.09	0.000
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	43.00±10.50	51.00±4.50	32.00±1.00	0.000
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.76±0.87	6.48±0.29	4.90±0.39	0.000
Fructosamine (µmol/L)	254.34±74.34	317.20±37.66	177.50±9.65	0.000

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables and as percentages for categorically distributed variables. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Reference range: TC <5.0, TG <1.7, HDL-C >1.0, LDL-C <3.0, HbA1c <6.0 (42.0), fasting glucose 3.9–5.4, fructosamine <285.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.

Table 3 Comparison of Plasma Glucose Values Between Diabetics and Nondiabetics During Consecutive Measurements

Glucose (mmol/L)	First Measurement
	All Patients (N=20)	Diabetics (N=11)	Nondiabetics (N=9)	P
Fasting	5.64±1.20	6.62±0.48	4.44±0.43	0.000
After breakfast	7.10±1.30	8.01±0.97	5.98±0.51	0.000
Before lunch	5.77±1.16	6.56±0.98	4.81±0.31	0.000
After lunch	7.42±1.41	8.49±0.89	6.11±0.45	0.000
Before dinner	5.98±1.23	6.95±0.65	4.79±0.41	0.000
After dinner	7.43±1.41	8.56±0.18	6.06±0.19	0.000
Before bedtime	7.07±1.20	8.06±0.57	5.86±0.15	0.000
	Second Measurement
Fasting	5.96±1.08	6.81±0.45	4.91±0.56	0.000
After breakfast	7.93±1.33	8.86±1.07	6.80±0.41	0.000
Before lunch	6.49±1.21	7.35±0.96	5.44±0.28	0.000
After lunch	8.92±1.22	9.74±1.04	7.91±0.36	0.000
Before dinner	9.04±2.35	10.88±1.32	6.79±0.71	0.000
After dinner	8.99±1.17	9.60±1.03	8.26±0.88	0.006
Before bedtime	8.56±1.19	9.45±0.72	7.47±0.52	0.000
	Third Measurement
Fasting	5.89±0.78	6.47±0.44	5.18±0.41	0.000
After breakfast	8.04±1.28	9.01±0.73	6.84±0.54	0.000
Before lunch	6.48±1.17	7.42±0.57	5.32±0.39	0.000
After lunch	8.51±1.07	9.36±0.50	7.47±0.46	0.000
Before dinner	6.67±1.14	7.56±0.44	5.59±0.68	0.000
After dinner	8.15±1.22	9.06±0.72	7.03±0.56	0.000
Before bedtime	7.70±1.10	8.56±0.62	6.66±0.43	0.000
	Fourth Measurement
Fasting	5.59±0.68	6.03±0.41	5.06±0.54	0.000
After breakfast	7.42±1.14	8.15±0.92	6.53±0.65	0.000
Before lunch	5.98±1.03	6.65±0.93	5.17±0.28	0.000
After lunch	7.59±1.20	8.45±0.87	6.53±0.48	0.000
Before dinner	6.10±1.14	6.92±0.67	5.00±0.48	0.000
After dinner	7.36±1.41	8.66±0.78	6.17±0.35	0.000
Before bedtime	7.26±1.30	8.32±0.66	5.97±0.14	0.000

Notes: Data are represented as mean ± SD. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Table 4 Differences Between Seven-Point Glucose Values Across All Four Measurements in Diabetics

Glucose (mmol/L)	Mean ± SD	df	t/Z	95% CI	P
Fasting
M1:M2	6.6±0.5:6.8±0.4	10	−1.46	−0.48, 1.10	0.176
M2:M3	6.8±0.4:6.5±0.4	10	1.66	−0.12, 0.79	0.129
M3:M4	6.5±0.4:6.0±0.4	10	3.04	0.12, 0.77	0.013
M1:M4	6.6±0.5:6.0±0.4	10	−3.24	−1.00, −0.19	0.009
After Breakfast
M1:M2	8.0±1.0:8.9±1.1	10	−4.80	−1.24, −0.45	0.001
M2:M3	8.9±1.1:9.0±0.7	10	−0.88	−0.54, 0.24	0.398
M3:M4	9.0±0.7:8.1±0.9	10	4.01	0.38, 1.34	0.002
M1:M4	8.0±1.0:8.1±0.9	10	1.16	−0.13, 0.40	0.274
Before Lunch
M1:M2	6.5±1.0:7.3±1.0	10	−5.01	−1.13, −0.43	0.001
M2:M3	7.3±1.0:7.4±0.6	10	−0.37	−0.51, 0.37	0.720
M3:M4	7.4±0.6:6.6±0.9	10	3.42	0.27, 1.28	0.007
M1:M4	6.5±1.0:6.6±0.9	10	2.52	0.01, 0.15	0.031
After Lunch
M1:M2	8.5±0.9:9.7±1.04	10	−3.31	−2.08, −0.41	0.008
M2:M3	9.7±1.04:9.4±0.5	10	−1.54	5.07, 4.75	0.123
M3:M4	9.4±0.5:8.4±0.87	10	−2.54	6.15, 4.50	0.011
M1:M4	8.5±0.9:8.4±0.87	10	−0.22	−0.50, 0.41	0.829
Before Dinner
M1:M2	7.0±0.6:10.9±1.3	10	−8.64	−4.94, −2.91	0.000
M2:M3	10.9±1.3:7.6±0.4	10	8.21	2.42, 4.23	0.000
M3:M4	7.6±0.4:6.9±0.7	10	3.31	0.21, 1.06	0.008
M1:M4	7.0±0.6:6.9±0.7	10	−0.33	−0.28, 0.21	0.749
After Dinner
M1:M2	8.6±0.8:9.6±1.0	10	−2.70	−1.91, −0.18	0.022
M2:M3	9.6±1.0:9.1±0.7	10	1.19	−0.47, 1.54	0.262
M3:M4	9.1±01.7:8.7±0.8	10	1.68	−0.13, 0.95	0.124
M1:M4	8.6±0.8:8.7±0.8	10	0.77	−0.19, 0.39	0.462
Before Bedtime
M1:M2	8.1±0.6:9.4±0.7	10	−5.21	−1.98, −0.80	0.000
M2:M3	9.4±0.7:8.6±0.6	10	2.53	0.11, 1.67	0.030
M3:M4	8.6±0.6:8.3±0.7	10	1.8	−0.42, 0.52	0.088
M1:M4	8.1±0.6:8.3±0.7	10	3.01	−0.68, 0.46	0.013

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD. T-test was used to test difference between means. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: M1, first measurement; M2, second measurement; M3, third measurement; M4, fourth measurement; df, degrees of freedom, 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Table 5 Differences Between Seven-Point Glucose Values Across All Four Measurements in Nondiabetics

Glucose (mmol/L)	Mean ± SD	df	t/Z	95% CI	P
Fasting
M1:M2	4.4±0.4:4.9±0.6	8	−2.47	−0.90, −0.03	0.039
M2:M3	4.9±0.6:5.2±0.4	8	−1.48	−0.68, 0.15	0.177
M3:M4	5.2±0.4:5.1±0.5	8	1.08	−0.14, 0.38	0.310
M1:M4	4.4±0.4:5.1±0.5	8	4.06	0.26, 0.96	0.004
After Breakfast
M1:M2	6.0±0.5:6.8±0.4	8	−8.03	−1.06, −0.59	0.000
M2:M3	6.8±0.4:6.8±0.5	8	−0.25	−0.46, 0.37	0.812
M3:M4	6.8±0.5:6.5±0.6	8	−2.54	4.50, 0.00	0.011
M1:M4	6.0±0.5:6.5±0.6	8	−2.04	4.33, 2.00	0.041
Before Lunch
M1:M2	4.8±0.3:5.4±0.3	8	−2.69	0.00, 5.00	0.007
M2:M3	5.4±0.3:5.3±0.4	8	−1.74	4.63, 8.00	0.082
M3:M4	5.3±0.4:5.2±0.3	8	−2.36	5.25, 3.00	0.018
M1:M4	4.8±0.3:5.2±0.3	8	−2.38	4.00, 0.00	0.018
After Lunch
M1:M2	6.1±0.5:7.9±0.4	8	−8.31	−2.30, −1.30	0.000
M2:M3	7.9±0.4:7.5±0.5	8	2.49	0.03, 0.86	0.038
M3:M4	7.5±0.5:6.5±0.5	8	5.97	0.57, 1.29	0.000
M1:M4	6.1±0.5:6.5±0.5	8	2.95	0.09, 0.75	0.018
Before Dinner
M1:M2	4.8±0.4:6.8±0.7	8	−2.68	0.00, 5.00	0.007
M2:M3	6.8±0.7:5.6±0.7	8	4.59	0.60, 1.80	0.002
M3:M4	5.6±0.7:5.0±0.5	8	3.92	0.24, 0.94	0.004
M1:M4	4.8±0.4:5.0±0.5	8	−1.97	5.33, 2.00	0.000
After Dinner
M1:M2	6.1±0.2:8.3±0.9	8	−7.02	−2.92, −1.48	0.000
M2:M3	8.3±0.9:7.0±0.6	8	7.31	0.84, 1.61	0.000
M3:M4	7.0±0.6:6.2±0.4	8	−2.49	5.44, 1.50	0.013
M1:M4	6.1±0.2:6.2±0.4	8	−0.41	4.50:2.00	0.680
Before Bedtime
M1:M2	5.9±0.2:7.5±0.5	8	−8.63	−2.04, −1.18	0.000
M2:M3	7.5±0.5:6.7±0.4	8	5.88	0.49, 1.1	0.000
M3:M4	6.7±0.4:6.0±0.1	8	4.25	0.32, 1.06	0.003
M1:M4	5.9±0.2:6.0±0.1	8	4.26	0.05, 0.17	0.003

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD. T-test was used to test difference between means. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: M1, first measurement; M2, second measurement; M3, third measurement; M4, fourth measurement; df, degrees of freedom, 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Table 6 Correlation of Different Variables with HbA1c and Fructosamine for All Patients

Variable	HbA1c	Fructosamine
Age	0.319	0.526*
Weight	0.099	0.247
Height	0.122	0.246
BMI	0.011	0.122
WC	−0.034	0.097
HC	0.052	0.120
TC	0.437	0.361
TG	−0.046	−0.139
Diabetes duration	0.842**	0.844**
HDL-C	0.078	0.155
LDL-C	0.399	0.288
Fasting glucose	0.805**	0.802**

Notes: The linear relationship between the two quantitative variables was investigated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. *P<0.05; **P<0.001.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference, TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.