Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Associated Factors Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Jimma Medical Center, in 2019; Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Frequency Distribution of Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents at JMC, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia, April 1–May 30, 2019 (n=290)

Variables		Type 2 Diabetic Patients (n=145)		Non-Diabetic Participants (n=145)
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
Sex	Male	80	55.2	80	55.2
	Female	65	44.8	65	44.8
Age (years)		52.2±9.75		51.5±9.79
Place of residence	Urban	77	53.1	92	63.4
	Rural	68	46.9	53	36.6
Occupational status	Government employees	48	33.1	39	26.9
	Merchants	35	24.1	32	22.1
	Farmers	30	20.7	31	21.4
	Housewives	26	17.9	36	24.8
	Others*	6	4.1	7	4.8
Educational level	Illiterate	47	32.4	41	28.28
	Elementary	3	2.06	6	4.14
	Secondary	10	6.89	39	26.89
	Diploma	43	29.66	29	20.0
	Frist degree & above	42	28.97	30	20.68

Note: *Self-employed, Students, religious leaders.

Table 2 Anthropometric and Clinical Parameters of the Respondents at JMC, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia, April 1–May 30, 2019 (n=290)

Parameters	Patients with Type 2 DM (n=145)	Non-Diabetic Participants (n=145)
	Mean±SD	Mean±SD
Height (m)	1.66±0.089	1.65±0.098
Weight (kg)	73.0±11.5	71.9±11.0
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.5±3.12	26.14±3.21
WC (cm)	92.2±13.5	92.6±10.1
WHR	1.0002±0.09	0.99±0.065
FBS (mg/dL)	144.7±30.5	88.1±11.2

Abbreviations: SD, Standard Deviation; DM, Diabetes Mellitus; Kg, Kilogram; m, meters; kg/m², kilograms per meter square; cm, centimeters; mg/dL, milligrams per deciliter.

Table 3 Comparison of the Means of PFTs among Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Non-Diabetic Participants at JMC, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia, April 1–May 30, 2019 (n=290)

Spirometric Parameters	Study Participants	Mean	SD	t-test	P-value	CI
FVC (%)	Type 2 diabetic patients	73.7	13.8	−13.114	<0.001*	(−23.2, −17.1)
	Non-diabetic participants	93.8	12.3
FEV1 (%)	Type 2 diabetic patients	76.4	13.4	−11.099	<0.001*	(−19.8, −13.9)
	Non-diabetic participants	93.3	12.4
FEV1/FVC (%)	Type 2 diabetic patients	78.9	11.4	−14.440	<0.001*	(−20.0, −15.2)
	Non-diabetic participants	96.6	9.33
PEF (L/s)	Type 2 diabetic patients	3.91	0.28	−30.12	<0.001*	(−1.19, −1.05)
	Non-diabetic participants	5.03	0.35
FEF25–75 (L/s)	Type 2 diabetic patients	2.89	0.75	−5.336	<0.001*	(−0.67, −0.31)
	Non-diabetic participants	3.39	0.82

Note: *The mean difference is highly significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: DM, Diabetes Mellitus; L/s, liters per second; CI, Confidence Interval; SD, Standard Deviation.

Table 4 Multiple Linear Regression Model Showing Predictors of PFTs Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients at JMC, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia, April 1–May 30, 2019 (n=145)

Spirometric Parameters		Variables
		Age	Weight	Height	WC	WHR	BMI	FBS	Low Physical Activity
FVC	β	−0.04	−0.02	−0.41	0.26	−0.31	−0.88	−0.22	−2.53
	P-value	0.98	0.86	0.92	0.098	0.12	0.048**	0.001**	0.26
	CI	(0.2, 0.21)	(−0.24, 0.20)	(−0.92, 0.11)	(−0.5, 0.57)	(−0.69, 0.08)	(−1.76, −0.006)	(−0.29, −0.15)	(−6.9, 1.91)
FEV1	β	0.17	−0.06	−0.34	−0.04	−0.14	−1.93	−0.29	−0.55
	P-value	0.14	0.064	0.24	0.83	0.22	0.001**	0.001**	0.83
	CI	(−0.06, 0.4)	(−0.3, 0.19)	(−0.9, 0.23)	(−0.38, 0.31)	(−0.57, 0.30)	(−2.9, −0.96)	(−0.37, −0.21)	(−5.5, 4.4)
FEV1/ FVC	β	−0.05	−0.06	0.005	0.09	−0.014	−1.28	−0.06	−2.85
	P-value	0.7	0.71	0.99	0.69	0.96	0.034*	0.24	0.35
	CI	(−0.33, 0.22)	(−0.36, 0.24)	(−0.69, 0.702)	(−0.34, 0.51)	(−0.54, 0.51)	(−2.46, −0.097)	(−0.16, 0.04)	(−8.84, 3.13)
PEF	β	0.03	−0.01	−0.39	0.104	−0.22	−1.39	−0.15	−6.38
	P-value	0.86	0.96	0.32	0.67	0.48	0.04*	0.01**	0.06
	CI	(−0.28, 0.34)	(−0.35, 0.33)	(−1.18, 0.39)	(−0.37, 0.58)	(−0.81, 0.38)	(−2.73, −0.06)	(−0.27, −0.04)	(−13.1, 0.36)
FEF25-75	β	0.008	0.003	−0.02	−0.001	−0.008	−0.075	−0.009	−0.116
	P-value	0.16	0.58	0.17	0.88	0.48	0.003*	0.003*	0.36
	CI	(−0.003, 0.02)	(−0.01, 0.02)	(−0.05, 0.01)	(−0.02, 0.02)	(−0.03, 0.04)	(−0.03, 0.01)	(−0.01, −0.01)	(−0.36, 0.13)

Notes: *Significant (P<0.05), **highly significant (P<0.01), β: regression coefficient. The reference group for physical activity was vigorous physical activity.

Table 5 Simple Linear Regression Model Showing Predictors of PFTs Among Non-Diabetic Participants at JMC, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia, April 1–May 30, 2019 (n=145)

Spirometric Parameters	PFTs
	FVC		FEV1		FEV1/FVC		PEF		FEF25–75
	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value
Age	0.047	0.628	−0.03	0.77	0.026	0.72	−0.004	0.76	−0.004	0.54
Female	−1.23	0.27	−0.205	0.18	1.680	0.16	−0.001	0.96	−0.11	0.86
Weight	0.002	0.98	−0.032	0.74	−0.005	0.9	0.001	0.98	−0.003	0.62
Height	4.36	0.69	−3.29	0.78	2.82	0.73	1.78	0.19	0.37	0.63
WC	0.002	0.98	−0.064	0.45	0.016	0.78	−0.012	0.229	−0.012	0.3
WHR	−0.021	0.79	5.66	0.73	−15.2	0.17	−0.72	0.71	0.23	0.83
BMI	−0.18	0.54	−0.08	0.83	−0.146	0.52	−0.046	0.24	−0.02	0.33
FBS	−0.23	0.7	0.016	0.87	−0.085	0.19	0.009	0.41	0.002	0.72
Moderate activity	0.98	0.64	−2.28	0.28	1.96	0.17	−0.37	0.1	−0.302	0.28
Low physical activity	2.23	0.29	3.38	0.15	−0.64	0.69	0.189	0.49	0.323	0.034

Note: The reference group for sex (male taken as reference) and physical activity (vigorous physical activity taken as reference).