Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Associated Factors Among Adults in Southwest Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Respondents (n=612) in Southwest Ethiopia

Characteristics		N	%
Gender	Male	276	45.1
	Female	336	54.9
Residence	Urban	175	28.6
	Rural	437	71.4
Age	18–24	85	13.9
	25–34	310	50.7
	35–44	188	30.7
	≥45	29	4.7
Marital status	Married	393	64.2
	Single	102	16.7
	Separated	74	12.1
	Divorced	30	4.9
	Widowed	13	2.1
Religion	Protestant	273	44.6
	Orthodox	248	40.5
	Muslim	91	14.9
Educational status	Unable to write and read	261	42.6
	Able to read and write	87	14.2
	Primary	95	15.5
	Secondary	136	22.2
	Certificate	13	2.1
	Diploma and above	20	3.3
Occupational status	Farmer	179	29.2
	Housewife	293	47.9
	Merchant	71	11.6
	Student	17	2.8
	Daily worker	20	3.3
	Gov’t employee	32	5.2
Family size	<2	31	5.1
	2–3	30	4.9
	4–5	421	67.3
	>5	139	22.7

Table 2 Distribution of HBsAg Seroprevalence with Socio-Demographic Characteristics in Southwest Ethiopia

Variables		HBsAg Seroprevalence
		Negative N (%)	Positive N (%)
Gender	Male	249 (44.7)	27 (49.1)
	Female	308 (55.3)	28 (50.9)
Residence	Urban	156 (28.0)	19 (34.5)
	Rural	401 (72.0)	36 (65.5)
Age	18–24	83 (14.9)	2 (3.6)
	25–34	283 (50.8)	27 (49.1)
	35–44	167 (30.0)	21 (38.2)
	≥45	24 (4.3)	5 (9.1)
Marital status	Married	373 (67.0)	20 (36.4)
	Single	92 (16.5)	10 (18.2)
	Separated	71 (12.7)	3 (5.5)
	Divorced	11 (2.0)	19 (34.5)
	Widowed	10 (1.8)	3 (5.5)
Educational status	Unable to write and read	231 (41.5)	30 (54.5)
	Able to read and write	70 (12.6)	17 (30.9)
	Primary	90 (16.2)	5 (9.1)
	Secondary	133 (23.9)	3 (5.5)
	Certificate	13 (2.3)	0 (0.0)
	Diploma and above	20 (3.6)	0 (0.0)
Occupational status	Farmer	162 (29.1)	17 (30.9)
	Housewife	279 (50.1)	14 (25.5)
	Merchant	63 (11.3)	8 (14.5)
	Student	15 (2.7)	2 (3.6)
	Daily worker	6 (1.1)	14 (25.5)
	Gov’t employee	32 (5.7)	0 (0.0)
Family size	<2	28 (5.0)	3 (5.5)
	2–3	18 (3.2)	12 (21.8)
	4–5	393 (70.6)	19 (34.5)
	>5	118 (21.2)	21 (38.2)
	Total	557	55

Table 3 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors of HBV Infection in Southwest Ethiopia

Variables	Seroprevalence of HBsAg		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Negative N (%)	Positive N (%)
Tattooing of gums
Yes	78 (78)	22 (22)	4.1 (2.3–7.4)*	23.9 (2.2–26.3)*
No	479 (93.6)	33 (6.4)	1.00^+	1.00^+
Tattooing on body
Yes	218 (82.6)	46 (17.4)	7.9 (3.8–16.6)*	6.8 (1.1–43.1)*
No	339 (97.4)	9 (2.6)	1.00^+	1.00^+
Body piercing
Yes	96 (73.3)	35 (26.7)	8.4 (4.6–15.2)*	5.2 (0.2–109.3)
No	461 (95.8)	20 (4.2)	1.00^+	1.00^+
Uvulectomy
Yes	73 (76.8)	22 (23.2)	4.4 (0.4–7.9)	4.3 (0.4–46.1)
No	484 (93.6)	33 (6.4)	1.00^+	1.00^+
Ever shaved at barbershop
Yes	173 (86.1)	28 (13.9)	2.3 (0.3–4.0)	2.9 (0.1–61.4)
No	384 (93.4)	27 (6.6)	1.00^+	1.00^+
Contact with a jaundiced person
Yes	4(10.8)	33 (89.2)	13.6 (7.8–54.1)*	20.7 (6.7–63.7)*
No	553 (96.2)	22 (3.8)	1.00^+	1.00^+
History of circumcision
Yes	188 (84.7)	34 (15.3)	3.2 (1.8–5.7)*	1.5 (0.05–38.9)
No	369 (94.6)	21 (5.4)	1.00^+	1.00^+
Dental extraction at home
Yes	6 (13)	40 (87)	1.00^+	1.00^+
No	551 (97.3)	15 (2.7)	2.0 (1.0–4.0)	2.0 (1.0–4.1)
History of hospitalization
Yes	15 (62.5)	9 (37.5)	7.1 (2.9–17.0)*	1.1 (0.1–10.8)
No	542 (92.2)	46 (7.8)	1.00^+	1.00^+
Dental extraction at health institutions
Yes	10 (71.4)	4 (28.6)	1.00^+	1.00^+
No	547 (91.5)	51 (8.5)	1.2 (1.1–3.8)	3.2 (0.1–160.8)
Catheterization
Yes	4 (30.8)	9 (69.2)	1.00^+	1.00^+
No	553 (62.3)	46 (7.7)	1.0 (1.0–3.1)	0.3 (0.01–6.5)
Alcohol drinking or drugs/substances utilization
Yes	293 (88.8)	37 (11.2)	1.8 (0.01–3.3)	6.48 (0.1–38.6)
No	264 (93.6)	18 (6.4)	1.00^+	1.00^+
Unprotected sexual behavior (inconsistent or no use of a condom)
Yes	305 (87.6)	43 (12.4)	3.0 (1.5–5.8)*	0.1 (0.01–1.3)
No	252 (95.5)	12 (4.5)	1.00^+	1.00^+
Ever smoke cigarette
Yes	8 (26.7)	22 (73.3)	1.00^+	1.00^+
No	549 (64.3)	33 (5.7)	1.0 (0.05–13.0)	0.1 (0.01–1.8)
Sharing of sharp personal items
Yes	9 (26.5)	25 (73.5)	4.0 (2.0–10.0)*	1.0 (0.04–2.5)
No	548 (94.8)	30 (5.2)	1.00^+	1.00^+

Notes: *Significant, ⁺Reference category.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.