Impact of Combined Photo-Biomodulation and Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function and Quality-of-Life in Elderly Alzheimer Patients with Anemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart for the participants through the study showing out of 79, only 60 patients accomplished the procedures of the study.

Table 1 Basic Characteristics and Demographic Data of the Study Participants

Characteristics			Control Group (N=30)	Study Group (N=30)	P-value*
Age (years)		Median (IQR)	70.00 (67.00–72.00)	69.50 (72.00–68.00)	0.676
		Range	65.00–73.00	65.00–73.00
BMI (kg/m^2)		Median (IQR)	32.04 (33.27–31.05)	32.40 (34.13–31.48)	0.115
		Range	30.17–34.21	30.40–34.70
SBP (mmHg)		Median (IQR)	148.00(153.00–141.00)	145.00(148.00–141.00)	0.241
		Range	140.00–156.00	140.00–156.00
DBP (mmHg)		Median (IQR)	94.00 (96.00–92.00)	93.50 (95.00–92.00)	0.686
		Range	90.00–98.00	90.00–98.00
MoCA		Median (IQR)	23.42 (23.93–22.78)	23.96 (24.12–22.09)	0.853
		Range	22.01–24.53	22.01–24.70
Berg Balance Scale		Median (IQR)	51.35 (52.07–50.62)	51.42 (51.84–51.04)	0.790
		Range	50.01–52.50	50.23–52.90
Qol-AD		Median (IQR)	37.30 (38.95–35.75)	38.11(39.75–36.55)	0.107
		Range	34.40–40.40	35.20–41.10
Hb	Male	Median (IQR)	10.70 (11.30–10.40)	11.10 (11.70–10.70)	0.105
		Range	10.00–12.60	10.50–12.00
	Female	Median (IQR)	9.80 (10.40–9.30)	10.10 (10.60–9.70)	0.085
		Range	9.00–10.70	9.40–11.00
WHR	Male	Median (IQR)	0.89 (0.90–0.88)	0.90 (0.91–0.89)	0.072
		Range	0.87–0.91	0.89–0.91
	Female	Median (IQR)	0.85 (0.90–0.81)	0.84 (0.88–0.80)	0.467
		Range	0.78–0.93	0.78–0.91

Notes: Data represented as median (IQR). * Statistically significant at P≤0.05 according to Mann–Whitney U-test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MoCA–B basic, Montreal Cognitive Assessment test for dementia; QOL-AD, Quality-of-Life in Alzheimer’s Disease; Hb, hemoglobin; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; IQR, interquartile range (the difference between 3rd quartile (Q3) and 1st quartile (Q1)..

Figure 2 A study participant who received PBM via laser watch.

Figure 3 (A) Boxplot chartshowing the post-Intervention change (improvement) in the median of Montreal Cognitive Assessment test score (MoCA) compared to the pre-intervention score within both,study and control groups Significant change occurred in study group more than the control group (P<0.001). (B) Boxplot chart showing the post-Intervention change (improvement) in the median of quality-of- life Qol-AD scores compared to the preintervention score within both study and control groups. Significant change occurred in study group more than the control group (P<0.001). (C) Boxplot chart showing the post-Intervention change (improvement) in the median of Berg balance scale scores compared to the pre-intervention score within both, study and control groups. The study group showed a significantly higher score than the control group (P<0.001).

Figure 4 (A) Boxplot chart showing the post-Intervention change (improvement) in the median of Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration compared to the pre-intervention concentration in males within both, studyand control groups. Significant change occurred in study group more than the control group (P<0.001). (B) Boxplot chart showing the post-Intervention change (improvement) in the median of Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration compared to the pre-intervention concentration in females within both study and control groups with a significant increase in HB concentration occurring in the study group compared to the control group (P<0.001).

Figure 5 (A) Boxplot chart showing the post-Intervention change (reduction) in the median of Body mass index (BMI) compared to the pre-intervention BMI level within both study and control groups. The study group showed a significantly lower BMI than the control group (P<0.001). (B) Boxplot chart showing the post-intervention change (reduction) in the median of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) compared to the pre-intervention WHR in males level within both study and control groups, the study group exhibits a significant decrease compared to the control group (P<0.001). (C) Boxplot chart showing the post-intervention change (reduction) in the median of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) compared to the pre-intervention WHR in females level within both study and control groups (P<0.001).