Therapeutic Approaches to Opioid Use Disorder: What is the Current Standard of Care?

Figures & data

Table 1 Nonopioid Withdrawal Medication Options

Medication (Dosage)	Mechanism	Withdrawal Symptom	Adverse Effects
Clonidine (0.05mg–0.2mg PO q 4–6 hours)	Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist	Body aches, sweats, tremors, elevated BP	Hypotension
Trazodone (50–100mg PO qhs)	Antagonist at 5HT2A, (H1) alpha 1 adrenergic receptors	Insomnia	Morning grogginess
Loperamide (2–4mg PO q 4–6 hours)	Enteric opioid receptor agonist	GI upset	Constipation
Hydroxyzine (25–50mg PO q 4–6 hours)	Antihistamine	Restlessness, itching, anxiety	Dry mouth

Abbreviations: OUD, opioid use disorder; mg, milligrams; PO, oral intake; GI, gastrointestinal; q, “quaque” or “per”; qhs, bedtime; 5HT2A, (H1), serotonin receptor subtype; BP, blood pressure.