Levels and Predictors of Self-Care Among Patients with Hypertension in Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ Socio-Demographic Characteristics and the Level of Knowledge (n=402)

Variable	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Age (years)
18–32	42	10.44
33–52	83	20.65
53–72	201	50
72 and above	76	18.91
Gender
Male	136	33.83
Female	266	66.17
Education status
None	132	32.84
School	170	42.29
College	38	09.45
University	62	15.42
Marital status
Single	15	03.73
Married	321	79.85
Lost partner	66	16.42
Family type
Alone	16	03.98
Nuclear	134	33.33
Extended	252	62.69
Employment status
Unemployment	48	11.94
Employment	354	88.06
BP monitoring at home
Yes	220	54.73
No	182	45.27
Regularity of Self-Monitoring of BP
Regularly	62	28.2
Rarely	55	25.0
Subject to symptoms	103	46.8
Overall knowledge of Hypertension
Good	18	04.47
Moderate	170	42.28
Poor	201	50
Not reported	13	03.23
BP monitoring at home
Yes	220	54.73
No	182	45.27

Table 2 Knowledge Related to Hypertension

Knowledge Category	Good Understanding n (%)	Moderate Understanding n (%)	*No Understanding n (%)
Definition of Hypertension	32 (7.96)	235 (58.46)	135 (33.58)
Risk Factors	47 (11.69)	231 (57.46)	124 (30.85)
Causes	40 (9.95)	223 (55.47)	139 (34.58)
Complications	72 (17.91)	184 (45.77)	146 (36.14)

Note: *For definition it was very limited understanding; rest was unknown.

Table 3 Adherence to Self-Care Behavior as Measured on H-SCALE

Self-Care Behavior	Adherent n (%)	Non-Adherent n (%)
Diet	109 (27.11)	293 (72.89)
Physical Activity	100 (27.88)	302 (75.12)
Medication Compliance	289 (71.89)	113 (28.11)
Smoking Cessation	335 (83.33)	67 (16.67)
Weight Monitoring	219 (54.48)	183 (45.52)
Abstinence from Alcohol	402 (100%)	0 (0%)

Table 4 Unadjusted Associations Between Different Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Self-Care Constructs on H-SCALE

Variable	Medication Adherence	Diet	Physical Activity	Weight Control	Smoking
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
Age	1.01 (1.0–1.03)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	0.98 (0.96–1.00)	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	1.02 (1.00–1.04)
Gender
Male	1.81 (1.11–2.95)	2.15 (1.01–1.05)	2.24 (1.41–3.57)	Reference	Reference
Female	Reference	Reference	Reference	1.05 (0.69–1.58)	1.75 (1.02–2.98)
Education
School	1.44 (0.88–2.35)	1.50 (0.85–2.66)	1.18 (0.68–2.03)	1.81 (1.14–2.86)	0.89 (0.47–1.68)
College	2.36	1.93 (0.83–4.44)	1.51 (0.66–3.42)	2.37 (1.12–5.05)	0.36 (0.15–0.84)
University	1.83	5.75 (2.93–11.27)	1.76 (0.89–3.47)	1.50 (0.81–2.75)	0.99 (0.42–2.33)
No Formal	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Marital Status
Single	Reference	1.01 (0.25–4.14)	Reference	Reference	Reference
Married	1.32 (0.44–3.98)	1.66 (0.86–3.19)	1.29 (0.25–6.59)	1.08 (0.71–1.63)	0.64 (0.14–2.92)
Lost Partner	1.15 (0.34–3.79)	Reference	2.41 (0.53–10.92)	2.33 (0.80–6.77)	3.23 (0.48–21.30)
Family Type
Alone	0.71 (0.32–3.34)	1.62 (0.56–4.63)	Reference	Reference	Reference
Nuclear	1.04 (0.44–1.12)	0.95 (0.59–1.53)	4.38 (0.56–33.9)	1.08 (0038–3.08)	1.60 (0.47–5.43)
Joint	Reference	Reference	6.84 (0.87–53.56)	0.85 (0.30–2.36)	1.76 (0.54–5.75)
BP Checking
No	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	2.09 (1.34–3.25)	2.38 (1.49–3.80)	0.86 (0.54–1.35)	1.57 (1.05–2.33)	1.39 (0.82–2.36)
Employment
Employed	0.64 (0.30–1.33)	1.99 (0.90–4.41)	Reference	Reference	Reference
Unemployed	Reference	Reference	1.13 (0.57–2.25)	0.68 (0.36–1.27)	0.68 (0.27–0.39)
Knowledge
Good	0.92 (0.52–1.28)	2.56 (0.93–7.02)	1.37 (0.46–4.05)	2.33 (0.80–6.77)	0.98 (0.26–3.58)
Moderate	0.82 (0.52–1.28)	2.08 (1.30–3.33)	1.44 (0.90–2.31)	1.08 (0.71–1.63)	0.95 (0.55–1.65)
Poor	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference

Table 5 Adjusted Associations Between Socio-Demographic Variables and Self-Care Behaviors on H-SCALE

Variable	Medication Adherence	Diet	Physical Activity	Weight Control	Smoking
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age		1.03 (1.01–1.05)	0.97 (0.95–0.99)		1.03 (1.00–1.05)
Gender
Male	1.68 (1.02–2.77)		2.47 (1.53–3.98)		Reference
Female	Reference		Reference		1.97 (1.14–3.42)
Education
School		1.14 (0.61–2.13)		1.74 (1.09–2.77)
College		1.03 (0.41–2.60)		2.12 (0.99–4.57)
University		4.42 (1.99–9.80)		1.36 (0.73–2.52)
No Formal		Reference		Reference
BP Checking
No	Reference	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.0 (1.28–3.12)	1.79 (1.07–3.0)		1.46 (0.97–2.20)
Employment
Employed		4.09 (1.51–11.05)
Unemployed		Reference
Knowledge
Good		1.09 (0.31–3.83)
Moderate		1.89 (1.10–3.23)
Poor		Reference
Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit Statistics	0.10	0.73	0.72	0.252	0.015
Cronbach Alpha	0.95	0.55	0.44	0.653	0.635