Dose-Response Association of Waist-to-Height Ratio Plus BMI and Risk of Depression: Evidence from the NHANES 05–16

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics

Characteristics	No Depression	With Depression	P value
N (participants)	10,558	3417
Sex			<0.001
Male (%)	5548 (52.5)	1352 (39.6)
Female (%)	5010 (47.5)	2065 (60.4)
Age			<0.001
20–44 (%)	4643 (43.9)	1387 (40.5)
45–64 (%)	3553 (33.7)	1290 (37.7)
≥65 (%)	2362 (22.4)	740 (21.8)
Race			<0.001
Mexican American (%)	1444 (13.7)	463 (13.5)
Other Hispanic (%)	1091 (10.3)	429 (12.5)
Non-Hispanic White (%)	4052 (38.3)	1353 (39.6)
Non-Hispanic Black (%)	2304 (21.8)	798 (23.4)
Non-Hispanic Asian (%)	1348 (12.7)	239 (6.9)
Other Race (%)	319 (3.2)	135 (4.1)
Education level			<0.001
Less than 11th grade (%)	2095 (19.8)	941 (27.5)
High school graduate (%)	2226 (21.1)	820 (23.9)
College graduate or above (%)	6237 (59.1)	1656 (48.6)
Marital status			<0.001
Married/living with partner (%)	6543 (61.9)	1672 (48.9)
Widowed/divorced/separated (%)	1982 (18.8)	985 (28.8)
Never married (%)	2033 (19.3)	760 (22.3)
Family PIR			<0.001
≤100% (%)	1869 (17.7)	1035 (30.3)
>100% (%)	8689 (82.3)	2382 (69.7)
Smoking			<0.001
Yes (%)	4247 (40.2)	1809 (52.9)
No (%)	6301 (59.8)	1608 (47.1)
Drinking alcohol			0.083
Yes (%)	7523 (71.3)	2499 (73.1)
No (%)	3025 (28.7)	914 (26.7)
BMI (mean±SD)	28.70±6.34	30.30±7.75	<0.001
WHtR (mean±SD)	58.80±9.30	61.46±10.88	<0.001
PIR, poverty-to-income ratio

Table 2 Logistic Regression Analyses of the Relationship Between BMI, WHtR and Depression (Classified by Quartiles)

Variable	Univariate		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95%)	P	OR (95%)	P	OR (95%)	P
BMI quartiles
Q1	0.57 (0.52–0.64)	<0.001	0.65 (0.58–0.73)	<0.001	0.63 (0.56–0.71)	<0.001
Q2	0.53 (0.48–0.60)	<0.001	0.62 (0.55–0.69)	<0.001	0.61 (0.54–0.68)	<0.001
Q3	0.67 (0.61–0.75)	<0.001	0.75 (0.67–0.83)	<0.001	0.74 (0.66–0.82)	<0.001
Q4	1.00		1.00		1.00
P for trend	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
WHtR quartiles
Q1	0.47 (0.43–0.53)	<0.001	0.56 (0.50–0.64)	<0.001	0.55 (0.49–0.62)	<0.001
Q2	0.48 (0.43–0.54)	<0.001	0.58 (0.52–0.65)	<0.001	0.57 (0.51–0.64)	<0.001
Q3	0.57 (0.52–0.64)	<0.001	0.64 (0.58–0.72)	<0.001	0.64 (0.57–0.71)	<0.001
Q4	1.00		1.00		1.00
P for trend	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001

Notes: 1: Adjust for age, sex, race, education level and marital status. 2: Adjust for age, sex, race, education level and marital status, family PIR, smoking, drinking alcohol.

Table 3 Logistic Regression Analyses of the Relationship Between BMI, WHtR and Depression (Classified by Standard Guideline)

Variable	Univariate		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95%)	P	OR (95%)	P	OR (95%)	P
BMI
Underweight	1.96 (1.45–2.63)	<0.001	1.85 (1.36–2.49)	<0.001	1.79 (1.30–2.46)	<0.001
Normal Weight	1		1		1
Overweight	1.08 (0.98–1.21)	0.13	1.09 (0.98–1.22)	0.11	1.11 (0.98–1.24)	0.09
Obesity	1.67 (1.51–1.84)	<0.001	1.52 (1.37–1.68)	<0.001	1.55 (1.39–1.73)	<0.001
WHtR
Low Range	1.35 (0.66–2.55)	0.383	1.38 (0.68–2.65)	0.35	1.40 (0.67–2.75)	0.34
Normal Range	1		1		1
Rising Range	0.96 (0.85–1.09)	0.563	0.98 (0.86–1.12)	0.74	1.03 (0.90–1.19)	0.67
High Range	1.56 (1.39–1.76)	<0.001	1.40 (1.23–1.59)	<0.001	1.46 (1.27–1.68)	<0.001

Notes: 1: Adjust for age, sex, race, education level and marital status. 2: Adjust for age, sex, race, education level and marital status, family PIR, smoking, drinking alcohol.

Table 4 Logistic Regression Analyses of the Relationship Between Co-Variables and Depression

Variables	OR (95% CI)	P value
Sex
Male	Ref
Female	1.81 (1.65–1.98)	<0.001
Age
20–44	Ref
45–64	1.19 (1.07–1.31)	0.00
≥65	0.92 (0.81–1.04)	0.17
Race
Mexican American	Ref
Other Hispanic	1.27 (1.07–1.50)	0.01
Non-Hispanic White	1.26 (1.09–1.45)	0.00
Non-Hispanic Black	1.09 (0.94–1.27)	0.24
Non-Hispanic Asian	0.98 (0.8–1.19)	0.82
Other Race	1.40 (1.09–1.80)	0.01
Education level
Less than 11th grade	Ref
High school graduate	0.85 (0.75–0.97)	0.01
College graduate or above	0.77 (0.68–0.86)	<0.001
Marital status
Married/living with partner	Ref
Widowed/divorced/separated	1.42 (1.27–1.58)	<0.001
Never married	1.38 (1.23–1.55)	<0.001
Family PIR
≤100%	Ref
>100%	0.80 (0.78–0.82)	<0.001
Smoking
No	Ref
Yes	1.56 (1.42–1.71)	<0.001
Drinking alcohol
No	Ref
Yes	1.23 (1.11–1.37)	<0.001

Abbreviation: PIR, poverty-to-income ratio.

Figure 1 Dose–response relationship between BMI and depression.

Figure 2 Dose–response relationship between WHtR and depression.

Figure 3 Dose–response relationship between BMI (A) and depression group by gender (male (A), female (B)).

Figure 4 Dose–response relationship between WHtR and depression group by gender (male (A), female (B)).