Relationship Between Masked Hypertension Measured by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain: A Retrospective Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population

	NHT	MHT	P-value
N	168	140
Age	57 (49–64)	60 (55–65)	0.085
BMI	23.2 ± 2.5	24.4 ± 3.4	<0.001
Male	81 (48.2%)	60 (42.9%)	0.347
LDL-C, mg/dL	92.4 ± 21.4	97.3 ± 23.4	0.056
UA, mg/dL	335.3 (293.6–393.4)	391.7 (318.9–476.5)	<0.001
Diabetes	18 (10.7%)	21 (15.0%)	0.260
Smoking	21 (12.5%)	30 (21.4%)	0.036
Alcohol	1 (0.6%)	3 (2.1%)	0.333

Note: Values are shown as mean ± SD or mean (Q1-Q3) and n (%).

Abbreviations: NHT, non-hypertension; MHT, masked hypertension; BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA, uric acid.

Table 2 Echocardiographic Data of the Study Population

	NHT	MHT	P-value
N	168	140
LVDd, mm	43.1 ± 3.2	44.1 ± 4.5	0.021
IVSd, mm	9.0 (8.0–9.5)	10.0 (9.0–11.0)	<0.001
LVPWd, mm	9.0 (8.0–9.5)	10.0 (9.0–11.0)	<0.001
LVEF, %	69.3 ± 4.3	69.7 ± 6.2	0.438
E/A	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	0.8 (0.7–1.0)	<0.001
LVMI, g/m2	79.8 (72.2–87.0)	95.4 (81.5–111.8)	<0.001
E/e’	9.4 (8.0–10.9)	11.7 (9.0–14.0)	<0.001
GLS, %	−19.9 (−20.5 – −18.5)	−15.2 (−17.4 – −13.6)	<0.001

Note: Values are shown as mean ± SD or mean (Q1-Q3).

Abbreviations: NHT, non-hypertension; MHT, masked hypertension; LVDd, left ventricular diastolic dimension; IVSd, interventricular septal depth; LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall depth; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; E/A, E peak/A peak; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; E/e’, E peak/e’ peak; GLS, global longitudinal strain.

Figure 1 Bee chart of difference in GLS between NHT and MHT groups.

Figure 2 Forest plot of association between MHT and related factors in the study subjects.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass Index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA, uric acid; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; GLS, global longitudinal strain. CI, confidence interval.

Figure 3 Values of parameters on ROC curve to show the relationship between variable and MHT.

Notes: (A) Univariate analysis for GLS or E/e’; (B) Multivariate analysis for GLS or E/e’, adjusted for gender, age, BMI, LDL-C, UA, diabetes, smoking, alcohol and LVMI.

Figure 4 Non-linear relationship between GLS and MHT after adjustment for covariates.

Notes: The x-axis shows GLS, and the y-axis shows the incidence of MHT, with the dotted lines area representing 95% confidence intervals (Linear trend: P < 0.001); Adjusting for gender, age, BMI, LDL-C, UA, diabetes, smoking, alcohol and LVMI.

Table 3 Intra- and Inter-Observer Variability

	ICC	95% CI	P
Intraobserver variability	0.993	0.991–0.994	<0.001
Interobserver variability	0.956	0.945–0.964	<0.001

Abbreviations: ICCs, intraclass correlation coefficients; CI, confidence interval.