Factors Influencing Renal Parenchymal Stiffiness in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy

Figures & data

Figure 1 Estimation of Young’s modulus using shear-wave elastography in a kidney. The region of interest box was placed in the mid portion of the right renal cortex. On the right is the normal shear-wave velocity, measured in real time the maximum elastic value (Emax), average elastic value (Emean), minimum elastic value (Emin).

Table 1 Clinical and Laboratory Parameters in the Diabetic Nephropathy and Control Groups

	Control n=56	Normo n=75	Micro n=41	Macro n=71	F/X2 value	p-value
Gender(Male/Female)	23/33	36/39	25/16	44/27	1.808	0.146
Age (yr)	53.13±14.39	53.45±10.21	57.12±12.05	56.46±9.52	1.808	0.146
BMI(kg/m2)	24.88±3.46	25.85±3.09	25.40±3.66	24.86±4.05	1.218	0.304
SBP(mmHg)	123.36±4.18	122.62±5.03	123.45±4.82	124.89±4.06	32.654	0.845
DBP(mmHg)	72.37±3.98	71.89±4.03	71.63±4.87	71.51±4.68	12.563	0.526
HbA1c (%)	7.27±0.73	7.52±0.15^a	7.81±0.26^ab	8.07±0.48^abc	36.148	<0.001
SCr (umol/L)	80.75±4.99	86.05±11.29	100.84±17.84	459.08±265.35^abc	111.575	<0.001
BUN (mmol/L)	7.06±1.71	5.66±2.18	7.36±3.44^ab	11.78±4.64^abc	47.673	<0.001
eGFR	98.45±8.48	124.45±36.70^a	93.10±22.03^b	50.28±25.86^abc	96.083	<0.001
ACR(mg/g)	9.82±3.64	14.09±5.54	131.56±5.41^ab	1318.75±534.91^abc	328.205	<0.001
Diabetes duration (yr)		7.83±6.34^a	11.43±7.49^ab	14.13±6.13^abc	67.808	<0.001

Notes: ^aP<0.05 v s. the control group; ^bP<0.05 vs the normoalbuminuric group; ^cP<0.05 vs the microalbuminuric group.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; A1c; SCr, serum creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Table 2 Renal Hardness in Control Participants and Those with Diabetic Nephropathy

	Control Group n=56	Diabetic Nephropathy n=187	T value	p-value
Emax	6.15±0.99	7.11±1.45*	−5.646	<0.001
Emean	3.39±0.72	4.01±1.58*	−4.095	<0.001
Emin	1.27±0.56	1.78±0.97*	−4.994	<0.001

Notes: *P<0.05 vs the control group. Emax, Emean, and Emin values describe Young’s modulus.

Abbreviations: Emax, the maximum elastic value; Emean, mean elastic value; Emin, minimum elastic value.

Table 3 Renal Parenchymal Hardness in the Groups of Participants

	Control n=56	Normo n=75	Micro n=41	Macro n=71	F value	P value
Emax	6.15±0.99	6.27±0.81	6.32±0.69	8.45±1.29 ^abc	82.067	<0.001
Emean	3.39±0.72	3.42±1.42	3.52±1.10	4.92±1.57^abc	22.068	<0.001
Emin	1.27±0.56	1.38±0.68	1.68±0.78^a	2.27±1.12^abc	19.592	<0.001

Notes: ^aP<0.05 vs the control group; ^bP<0.05 vs the normoalbuminuric group; ^cP<0.05 vs the microalbuminuric group.

Table 4 Multivariable Linear Regression Analysis Data

Variable	β	S.E.	Standardization β	T value	P value	95% CI
Constant term	3.827	0.636		6.016	0.000	(2.572, 5.082)
Disease stage	0.789	0.127	0.482	6.191	0.000	(0.538,1.041)
Diabetes duration (yr)	0.028	0.012	0.135	2.303	0.022	(0.004,0.051)
Scr (umol/L)	0.001	0.000	0.164	2.240	0.026	(0.000,0.002)