Anxiety Levels Amid the COVID-19 Lockdown in Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Characteristics of the Participants

		n	%
Geographical region	Middle region	903	29.9%
	Eastern Region	1565	51.9%
	Western region	246	8.2%
	Northern region	185	6.1%
	Southeast region	118	3.9%
Sector	Health sector	407	20.7%
	Education	648	33.0%
	Energy	118	6.0%
	Finance/Communication/Armed forces	177	9.0%
	Other	614	31.3%
Gender	Male	1327	44.0%
	Female	1690	56.0%
Age	18–19	132	4.4%
	20–29	830	27.5%
	30–39	859	28.5%
	40–49	550	18.2%
	50–59	468	15.5%
	60 and above	178	5.9%
Marital Status	Single	954	31.6%
	Married	1956	64.8%
	Divorced/Widowed	107	3.5%
Education level	School education	481	15.9%
	Diploma	254	8.4%
	Bachelor	1814	60.1%
	Postgraduate	468	15.5%
Occupation	Student	488	16.2%
	Employee	1476	48.9%
	Freelancer	141	4.7%
	Housewife	376	12.5%
	Retired	348	11.5%
	Unemployed	188	6.2%
Work or study procedure after COVID-19 outbreak	Working from the office	568	27.0%
	Working from home	832	39.5%
	In paid Vacation	271	12.9%
	Studying from home	434	20.6%
Household member	<5	674	22.3%
	5–9	1869	61.9%
	>9	474	15.7%
Anxiety	Clinically insignificant	2425	80.4%
	Clinically significant	592	19.6%

Figure 1 Anxiety level among different regions of Saudi Arabia. The y-axis shows the region, while the x-axis shows the percentages of anxiety in different regions. The green bar indicates mild anxiety, the blue bar indicates moderate anxiety, and the yellow bar indicates severe anxiety.

Table 2 Association of Anxiety with Participants Characteristics

		Anxiety Present	Anxiety Absent	P-value
Geographical region	Middle	764 (84.6%)	139 (15.4%)	0.003*
	Eastern	1235 (78.9%)	330 (21.1%)
	Western	189 (76.8%)	57 (23.2%)
	Northern	142 (76.8%)	43 (23.2%)
	Southeast	95 (80.5%)	23 (19.5%)
Sector	Health sector	305 (74.9%)	102 (25.1%)	0.121
	Education	527 (81.3%)	121 (18.7%)
	Energy	89 (75.4%)	29 (24.6%)
	Finance/Communication/Armed forces	136 (76.8%)	41 (23.2%)
	Other	473 (77.0%)	141 (23.0%)
Gender	Male	1106 (83.3%)	221 (16.7%)	<0.001*
	Female	1319 (78.0%)	371 (22.0%)
Age	18–19	94 (71.2%)	38 (28.8%)	<0.001*
	20–29	625 (75.3%)	205 (24.7%)
	30–39	664 (77.3%)	195 (22.7%)
	40–49	461 (83.8%)	89 (16.2%)
	50–59	415 (88.7%)	53 (11.3%)
	60 and above	166 (93.3%)	12 (6.7%)
Marital Status	Single	712 (74.6%)	242 (25.4%)	<0.001*
	Married	1627 (83.2%)	329 (16.8%)
	Divorced/Widowed	86 (80.4%)	21 (19.6%)
Education level	School education	380 (79.0%)	101 (21.0%)	0.542
	Diploma	211 (83.1%)	43 (16.9%)
	Bachelor	1453 (80.1%)	361 (19.9%)
	Postgraduate	381 (81.4%)	87 (18.6%)
Occupation	Student	354 (72.5%)	134 (27.5%)	<0.001*
	Employee	1176 (79.7%)	300 (20.3%)
	Freelancer	120 (85.1%)	21 (14.9%)
	Housewife	301 (80.1%)	75 (19.9%)
	Retired	317 (91.1%)	31 (8.9%)
	Unemployed	157 (83.5%)	31 (16.5%)
Work or study procedure after COVID-19 outbreak	Working from the office	423 (74.5%)	145 (25.5%)	<0.001*
	Working from home	701 (84.3%)	131 (15.7%)
	In paid Vacation	213 (78.6%)	58 (21.4%)
	Studying from home	313 (72.1%)	121 (27.9%)
Household member	<5	540 (80.1%)	134 (19.9%)	0.878
	5–9	1500 (80.3%)	369 (19.7%)
	>9	385 (81.2%)	89 (18.8%)
Any household member under increased risk of COVID-19?	Yes	779 (73.9%)	275 (26.1%)	<0.001*
	No	1646 (83.9%)	317 (16.1%)

Note: *P ≤ 0.05.

Table 3 Effect of Participants Characteristics on Anxiety

		Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Geographical region	Middle	1	1
	Eastern	1.5 (1.18–1.83)	1.3 (0.97–1.64)
	Western	1.7 (1.17–2.35)	1.0 (0.62–1.48)
	Northern	1.7 (1.13–2.45)	1.0 (0.63–1.59)
	Southeast	1.3 (0.82–2.17)	0.7 (0.38–1.22)
Sector	Health sector	1.1 (0.84–1.50)	–
	Education	0.8 (0.59–1.01)	–
	Energy	1.1 (0.69–1.73)	–
	Finance/Communication/Armed forces	1.0 (0.68–1.50)	–
	Other	1	1
Gender	Male	1	1
	Female	1.4 (1.17–1.69)	1.1 (0.89–1.44)
Age	18–19	5.6 (2.79–11.22)	3.2 (0.66–15.58)
	20–29	4.5 (2.47–8.32)	2.8 (0.61–12.75)
	30–39	4.1 (2.21–7.46)	2.9 (0.64–12.79)
	40–49	2.7 (1.42–5.01)	1.9 (0.43–8.78)
	50–59	1.8 (0.92–3.39)	1.3 (0.27–5.98)
	60 and above	1	1
Marital Status	Single	1	1
	Married	0.6 (0.49–0.72)	0.9 (0.68–1.28)
	Divorced/Widowed	0.7 (0.44–1.18)	1.1 (0.58–2.16)
Education level	School education	1.2 (0.85–1.60)	–
	Diploma	0.9 (0.60–1.33)	–
	Bachelor	1.1 (0.84–1.41)	–
	Postgraduate	1	–
Occupation	Not currently employed	1	–
	Student	2.14 (1.64–2.80)	1.2 (0.57–2.33)
	Employee	1.44 (1.16–1.80)	1.1 (0.64–1.76)
	Freelancer	0.99 (0.60–1.63)	1
Work or study procedure after COVID-19 outbreak	Working from the office	1	1
	Working from home	0.5 (0.42–0.71)	0.5 (0.37–0.66)
	In paid Vacation	0.8 (0.56–1.12)	0.8 (0.54–1.11)
	Studying from home	1.1 (0.85–1.50)	0.7 (0.44–1.23)
Household member	<5	1.1 (0.80–1.45)	-
	5–9	1.1 (0.82–1.38)	-
	>9	1	-
Any household member under increased risk of COVID-19?	Yes	1.8 (1.53–2.20)	1.8 (1.42–2.22)
	No	1	1