Vector Flow Mapping Application in Local Cardiac Function in Hypertension Assessment

Figures & data

Table 1 The General Characteristics and Serum Index

	Control Group (n=42)	Non-Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=38)	Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=51)
Age (y)	53.19±10.72	53.08±10.44	54.96±8.76
Male/Female	23/19	20/18	27/24
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.05±2.82	26.84±3.26	25.78±3.08
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	120.81±10.60	147.03±19.39	150.98±21.85
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74.19±10.11	85.95±12.14	87.45±12.97
Heart rate (bmp)	67.50±10.99	65.05±11.45	68.43±14.27
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.27±1.40	5.96±2.81	5.84±1.98
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.80±1.13	4.00±0.89	4.16±1.15
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.51±1.07	1.66±0.97	1.85±1.21
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)	1.10±0.31	1.01±0.23	1.06±0.33
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)	2.34±0.82	2.46±0.75	2.52±0.97

Notes: Compared with the normal control group, P <0.05. Compared with the non-left ventricular hypertrophy group, P <0.05.

Table 2 The Ultrasonographic Parameters

	Control Group (n=42)	Non-Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=38)	Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=51)
IVSTd (mm)	9.33±2.01	10.16±2.10*	12.08±2.20*^Δ
LVEDD (mm)	46.62±7.63	47.07±8.00	47.37±6.97
PWTd (mm)	8.52±1.57	9.47±1.93*	10.92±1.97*^Δ
LAD (mm)	32.19±5.57	33.08±6.10	35.59±6.24*^Δ
LVMI (g/m^2)	97.52±18.81	97.18±18.98	135.71±38.78*^Δ
LVEF (%)	63.67±10.96	63.53±11.16	62.37±12.12
EDV (mL)	99.09±18.09	92.76±15.41	110.78±21.26*^Δ
ESV (mL)	34.49±8.61	33.35±6.31	41.19±14.82*^Δ
E (cm/s)	66.93±18.43	66.00±21.22	67.31±20.75
A (cm/s)	69.40±16.05	74.34±21.76	75.92±21.37
E/A	1.00±0.36	0.95±0.41	0.93±0.34
e’ (cm/s)	11.26±1.70	8.13±2.28*	6.34±2.07*^Δ
E/e’	6.15±1.78	9.07±3.61*	10.35±3.69*

Notes: *Compared with the normal control group, P <0.05; ^ΔCompared with the non-left ventricular hypertrophy group, P <0.05.

Abbreviations: LVSTd, left ventricular septal thickness; LVEDD, end-diastolic left ventricular internal diameter; PWTd, posterior left ventricular wall thickness; LAD, left atrial anteroposterior diameter; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.

Table 3 Local Energy Loss in the Left Ventricle During P1 [J/(S·m³)]

	Control Group (n=42)	Non-Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=38)	Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=51)
The basal segment	19.54±5.71	21.60±3.99*	23.18±3.82*^Δ
The middle segment	7.92±1.20	10.10±1.93*	11.74±1.20*^Δ
The apical segment	3.85±1.05	6.30±1.45*	6.48±1.33*

Notes: P1, rapid filling phase, *Compared with the normal control group, P <0.05; ^ΔCompared with the non-left ventricular hypertrophy group, P <0.05.

Table 4 Local Energy Loss in the Left Ventricle During P2 [J/(S·m³)]

	Control Group (n=42)	Non-Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=38)	Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=51)
The basal segment	3.21±1.13	4.27±1.59*	8.59±2.28*^Δ
The middle segment	3.11±1.09	3.75±0.93*	6.41±1.69*^Δ
The apical segment	2.33±1.34	3.27±0.72*	5.26±1.03*^Δ

Notes: P2, slow filling phase, *Compared with the normal control group, P <0.05; ^ΔCompared with the non-left ventricular hypertrophy group, P <0.05.

Table 5 Local Energy Loss in the Left Ventricle During P3 [J/(S·m³)]

	Control Group (n=42)	Non-Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=38)	Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=51)
The basal segment	6.27±1.76	16.60±4.00*	19.68±4.49*^Δ
The middle segment	5.29±1.54	10.56±1.53*	8.74±1.21*^Δ
The apical segment	3.46±1.55	7.75±1.14*	6.38±1.90*^Δ

Notes: P3, atrial contraction phase; *Compared with the normal control group, P<0.05; ^ΔCompared with the non-left ventricular hypertrophy group, P <0.05.

Table 6 Local Energy Loss in the Left Ventricle During P4 [J/(S m³)]

	Control Group (n=42)	Non-Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=38)	Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Group (n=51)
The basal segment	6.01±2.04	16.28±4.78*	14.79±4.70*
The middle segment	2.92±1.12	5.65±2.30*	7.42±4.23*^Δ
The apical segment	3.92±1.79	5.44±1.70*	16.26±13.51*^Δ

Notes: P4, rapid ejection phase; *Compared with the normal control group, P <0.05; ^ΔCompared with the non-left ventricular hypertrophy group, P<0.05.

Figure 1 Comparison of changes among three groups during the same phase at different segments of the left ventricle. (A) Rapid filling phase (P1); (B) slow filling phase (P2); (C) atrial contraction phase (P3); (D) rapid ejection phase (P4); base: the base segment; middle: the middle segment; apex: the apical segment.

Notes: *Compared with the normal control group, P < 0.05; ^ΔCompared with the non-left ventricular hypertrophy group, P < 0.05.

Figure 2 Repeatability test for the diastolic and systolic energy loss of the left ventricle in normal subjects; (A and C) the inter-observer repeatability test, with the correlation coefficient of 0.9745 and 0.9887, respectively; (B and D) the intra-observer repeatability test, with the correlation coefficient of 0.9585 and 0.9413, respectively.