The Association Between Blood Pressure and Headache in Postmenopausal Women: A Prospective Hospital-Based Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow diagram of participant recruitment.

Table 1 Characteristics of the Participants

Variables	Study Population (n=1571)
Age, years	57.8 ± 14.5
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	138.5 ± 16.9
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	80.9 ± 11.3
Pulse pressure, mmHg	57.6 ± 12.5
Body mass index, kg/m^2	24.4 ± 3.6
Current daily smokers	385 (24.5%)
Hard physical activity	233 (14.8%)
Caffeine consumption per day, mg	103.7 ± 71.8
Cholesterol levels, mmol/L	5.6 ± 1.3
Daily alcohol use	118 (7.5%)

Table 2 The Relationship Between Blood Pressure and Headache by Multiple Logistic Regression

	Any Headache	Migraine	Tension Type Headache	Probable Migraine	Unclassified Headache
Individuals (n)	618	125	137	155	201
Systolic pressure, mmHg
<120	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
120–139	0.85 (0.73–1.11)	0.78 (0.61–0.93)	0.91 (0.78–1.05)	0.85 (0.61–1.09)	1.14 (0.78–1.56)
140–159	0.72 (0.61–0.90)	0.65 (0.43–0.88)	0.83 (0.61–0.92)	0.86 (0.66–1.08)	0.65 (0.45–0.92)
>160	0.73 (0.61–0.82)	0.49 (0.25–0.79)	0.71 (0.53–0.77)	0.58 (0.34–0.79)	0.35 (0.19–0.68)
PER 10 mmHg	0.76 (0.60–0.89)	0.85 (0.61–0.97)	0.84 (0.59–0.99)	0.83 (0.67–0.99)	0.79 (0.58–0.92)
P for linear association	<0.001	<0.001	0.002	0.031	0.004
Diastolic pressure
<80	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
80–89	0.95 (0.78–1.21)	1.25 (1.13–1.76)	0.92 (0.83–1.17)	1.05 (0.92–1.23)	0.93 (0.71–1.28)
90–99	0.83 (0.69–1.05)	0.68 (0.35–0.77)	0.89 (0.73–1.08)	0.83 (0.69–1.19)	0.88 (0.70–1.32)
>100	0.72 (0.61–0.85)	0.95 (0.82–1.13)	0.83 (0.72–0.99)	0.35 (0.17–0.92)	0.69 (0.38–1.29)
per 10 mmHg	0.92 (0.85–1.04)	0.99 (0.87–1.20)	0.92 (0.84–1.05)	0.78 (069–0.92)	0.89 (0.71–1.16)
P for linear association	0.038	0.256	0.142	0.179	0.335
Pulse pressure
<45	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
45–54	0.92 (0.81–1.05)	0.59 (0.47–0.78)	1.12 (0.93–1.38)	0.89 (0.68–1.07)	1.21 (1.06–1.47)
55–65	0.71 (0.60–0.88)	0.51 (0.39–0.67)	0.79 (0.68–0.98)	0.53 (0.41–0.72)	1.10 (0.97–1.25)
>65	0.65 (0.48–0.79)	0.39 (0.26–0.59)	0.70 (0.61–0.79)	0.70 (0.49–1.12)	0.78 (0.71–0.95)
Per 10 mmHg	0.82 (0.78–0.87)	0.71 (0.60–0.83)	0.82 (0.69–0.94)	0.81 (0.71–0.98)	0.82 (0.74–0.99)
P for linear association	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.014	0.041