Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Deceased COVID-19 Patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics and Co-Comorbidities of the Deceased COVID-19 Patients

Variables	Categories	Overall (N=304)	Male (N=178)	Female (N=126)	P
Age at death	25–45	29 (9.5%)	13 (7.3%)	16 (12.7%)	0.59
	46–64	109 (35.9%)	66 (37.1%)	43 (34.1%)
	65–101	166 (54.6%)	99 (55.6%)	67 (53.2%)
Smoking	No	291 (95.7%)	165 (92.7%)	126 (100%)	0.01*
	Yes	13 (4.3%)	13 (7.3%)	0
Blood group	O	220 (72.4%)	134 (75.3%)	86 (68.3%)	0.46
	A	61 (20.1%)	34 (19.1%)	27 (21.4%)
	B	23 (7.5%)	10 (5.6%)	13 (10.3%)
Rh factor	Negative	13 (4.3%)	8 (4.5%)	5 (4.0%)	0.98
	Positive	291 (95.7%)	170 (95.5%)	121 (96.0%)
Comorbidities	Diabetes	214 (70.4%)	119 (66.9%)	95 (75.4%)	0.21
	Hypertension	209 (68.8%)	123 (69.1%)	86 (68.2%)	0.98
	Obesity	91 (29.9%)	39 (21.9%)	52 (41.3%)	0.003*
	Heart disease	90 (29.6%)	53 (29.8%)	37 (29.4%)	0.79
	Kidney disease	42 (13.8%)	33 (18.5%)	9 (7.1%)	0.04*
	Cancer	8 (2.6%)	6 (3.4%)	2 (1.5%)	0.32
Number of comorbidities	0	26 (8.6%)	19 (10.7%)	7 (5.6%)	0.45
	1	61 (20.1%)	32 (17.9%)	29 (23.0%)
	2	98 (32.2%)	61 (34.3%)	37 (29.3%)
	≥ 3	119 (39.1%)	66 (37.1%)	53 (42.1%)

Note: *Significant results (P value <0.05).

Table 2 Clinical Symptoms and Signs on Admission Adjusted for Age and BMI

Clinical Symptoms & Signs	Overall (N=304)	Male (N=178)	Female (N=126)	P
Dyspnea	275 (90.5%)	159 (89.3%)	116 (92.1%)	0.46
Cough	244 (80.3%)	144 (80.9%)	100 (79.4%)	0.81
Desaturation (SpO2 <94%)	222 (73.0%)	126 (70.8%)	96 (76.1%)	0.47
Fever	214 (70.4%)	125 (70.2%)	89 (70.6%)	0.79
Confusion	40 (13.2%)	26 (14.6%)	14 (11.1%)	0.55
Diarrhea	39 (12.8%)	23 (12.9%)	16 (12.7%)	0.98
Chest pain	18 (5.9%)	10 (5.6%)	8 (6.3%)	0.78
Temperature (C°)*	37.2 ± 0.9	37.2 ± 0.9	37.3 ± 1.0	0.62
Systolic/diastolic Blood pressure^# (mmHg)*	122.9 ± 24.3/68.2 ± 14.3	124.5 ± 24.7/68.6 ± 14.1	122.4 ± 24.6/ 66.9 ± 15.0	0.55
SpO2^^ (%)*	86.5 ± 13.3	87.6 ± 10.6	85.7 ± 16.1	0.32

Notes: *Independent-samples t-test compared means difference between male and female groups.

Figure 1 Median number of days from confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis to (X) event.

Figure 2 Percentage (%) of patients who were hospitalized in weeks to death.

Figure 3 Percentage (%) of patients with APACHE scores at admission.

Table 3 Clinical Laboratory Findings of Hospitalized COVID-19 Deaths

Variables	At Admission	24-hr Prior to Death	P
Complete blood count
Hemoglobin^# (mmol/L)	11.6 ± 2.3	10.3 ± 2.3	<0.001*
White blood cell^^ (x109/L)	10.8 (7.1–15.6)	15.5 (10.7–23.4)	<0.001*
Platelets^# (x109/L)	251.8 ± 104.7	174.1 ± 105.4	<0.001*
Neutrophils^^ (%)	6.9 (4.8–9.1)	12.9 (5.4–13.1)	<0.001*
Lymphocytes^^ (%)	0.7 (0.5–0.9)	0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.010*
Serum ferritin^^ (pmol/L)	623 (328.3–1236)	774 (404.5–1845)	0.010*
Coagulation profile
D-dimer^^ (mcg/mL)	2.1 (0.9–8.2)	5.1 (2.5–13)	0.003
Electrolytes
Sodium^# (mmol/L)	137.9 ± 8.3	142.2 ± 8.0	<0.001*
Calcium^^ (mmol/L)	2.1 (1.9–2.2)	2.0 (1.8–2.2)	0.057
Potassium^# (mmol/L)	4.5 ± 0.9	4.9 ± 1.1	<0.001*
Enzymes
Lactate dehydrogenase^^ (unit/L)	511 (307–676)	671 (472–1164)	<0.001*
Creatine kinase^^ (μmol/L)	120 (51.3–444.6)	135 (71.4–455.8)	0.102
Renal profile
Creatinine^^ (μmol/L)	105.8 (77.9–185.5)	165 (80.5–400)	<0.001*
Blood urea nitrogen^^ (mmol/L)	13 (6.4–23.9)	22.2 (11.8–40.8)	<0.001*
Liver profile
Alanine aminotransferase^^ (unit/L)	33 (20.3–81.2)	49.5 (31.0–85.2)	0.001*
Aspartate transaminase^^ (unit/L)	50.2 (31.0–86.8)	56.8 (33–123.5)	0.006*
Bilirubin^^ (umol/L)	9.5 (5.0–18.7)	16.2 (8.7–34.3)	<0.001*
Albumin^# (g/L)	26.8 ± 9.1	24.1 ± 8.4	<0.001*
Inflammatory profile
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate^^ (mm/hr)	85 (62.8–117.5)	80 (59.8–95.3)	0.820
Glucose Random^# (mmol/L)	9.6 ± 4.9	11.7 ± 6.8	0.069

Notes: *Significant results (P value <0.05); ^{^}presented by median (IQR) with Wilcoxon signed rank test; ^#presented by mean (SD) with paired-samples t-test.

Table 4 Findings of Radiological and Electrocardiogram Investigations

Investigation	Findings	Overall (N=304)	Male (N=178)	Female (N=126)	P
Chest X-Ray	Normal	7 (2.3%)	7 (3.9%)	0	0.29
	Bilateral	43 (14.1%)	21 (11.8%)	22 (17.5%)
	Infiltrate/opacities	251 (82.5%)	148 (83.1%)	103 (81.7%)
	Pleural effusion	3 (1.1)	2 (1.2%)	1 (0.8%)
ECG*	Normal	292 (96.1%)	166 (93.4%)	126 (100%)	0.15
	Non-ST elevation	8 (2.6%)	8 (4.4%)	0
	QTc prolongation	4 (1.3%)	4 (2.2%)	0

Note: *Electrocardiogram.

Table 5 Complications Associated with Cause of Death

Complications	Overall (N=304)	Male (N=178)	Female (N=126)	P
Any (No complications)	13 (4.2%)	9 (5.1%)	4 (3.2%)	0.24
Respiratory failure	212 (69.7%)	123 (69.1%)	89 (70.6%)	0.83
Acute respiratory distress syndrome	159 (52.3%)	87 (48.9%)	72 (57.1%)	0.32
Sepsis/septic shock	106 (34.9%)	58 (32.6%)	48 (38.1%)	0.42
Acute kidney injury	93 (30.6%)	53 (29.8%)	40 (31.7%)	0.76
Secondary infections	19 (6.3%)	13 (7.3%)	6 (4.8%)	0.55
Heart failure	16 (5.3%)	13 (7.3%)	3 (2.4%)	0.16
Acute pulmonary embolism	11 (3.6%)	8 (4.5%)	3 (2.4%)	0.48
Cardiogenic shock	10 (3.3%)	5 (2.8%)	5 (3.9%)	0.67
Ischemic stroke	8 (2.6%)	5 (2.8%)	3 (2.4%)	0.95
Atrial fibrillation	6 (1.9%)	5 (2.8%)	1 (1.3%)	0.49
Myocardial infarction	5 (1.6%)	5 (2.8%)	0	0.03*

Note: *Significant results (P value <0.05).

Table 6 Medications That Were Given to Hospitalized COVID-19 Deaths

Medications	Overall (N=304)	Male (N=178)	Female (N=126)	P
Favipiravir	224 (73.8%)	122 (68.5%)	102 (80.9%)	0.07
Lopinavir/Ritonavir	32 (10.5%)	19 (10.7%)	13 (10.3%)	0.89
Ribavirin	34 (11.2%)	21 (11.8%)	13 (10.3%)	0.74
Remdesivir	6 (2.0%)	3 (1.7%)	3 (2.4%)	0.73
Hydroxychloroquine	5 (1.6%)	3 (1.7%)	2 (1.6%)	0.77
Tocilizumab	124 (40.8%)	60 (33.7%)	64 (50.8%)	0.01*
Azithromycin	136 (44.7%)	81 (45.5%)	55 (43.6%)	0.80
Methylprednisolone	141 (46.3%)	84 (47.2%)	57 (45.2%)	0.75
Enoxaparin	234 (77.0%)	137 (76.9%)	97 (76.9%)	0.95
Heparin	87 (28.6%)	55 (30.9%)	32 (25.4%)	0.43
ACEI/ARBS^#	22 (7.2%)	13 (7.3%)	9 (7.1%)	0.91
DVT* prophylaxis	276 (90.8%)	165 (92.7%)	111 (88.1%)	0.45
DVT* treatment	127 (41.8%)	69 (38.8%)	58 (46.0%)	0.41

Notes: *Significant results (P value <0.05); #angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/ angiotensin II receptor blockers; *deep vein thrombosis.

Table 7 Predictors of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients During the Early Stay in Hospitals Using Multivariate Logistic Regression

Predictors	Logistic Regression
	OR	95% CI	p-value
Smoking	4.0	1.4–5.8	0.003*
Respiratory failure	2.4	0.2–3.1	0.02*
Age > 65 years	2.1	1.6–2.8	0.005*
Myocardial infarction	2.1	0.3–3.9	0.57
Aspartate transaminase	1.9	0.9–3.6	0.02*
Creatinine	1.4	0.9–1.9	0.02*
Diabetes	1.4	0.7–3.1	0.37
Sex	1.2	0.6–2.4	0.65
Cardiovascular disease	1.2	0.6–2.7	0.59
Sepsis/septic shock	1.2	0.6–2.5	0.57
Chronic kidney disease	1.1	0.2–1.4	0.19
Alanine aminotransferase	1.1	0.4–1.3	0.68
Pulmonary embolism	1.1	0.1–3.1	0.87
D-dimer	1.0	0.9–1.1	0.33
Obesity	1.0	0.9–1.2	0.37
Hypertension	1.0	0.4–2.0	0.84

Note: *Significant results (P value <0.05).

Table 8 Predictors of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients During the Early Stay in Hospitals Using Cox Regression

Predictors	Cox Regression
	HR	95% CI	p-value
Smoking	3.0	1.2–4.3	0.008*
Respiratory failure	2.7	0.9–3.2	0.01*
Age > 65 years	2.4	1.8–2.9	0.001*
Aspartate transaminase	2.3	1.1–4.3	0.01*
Creatinine	1.9	0.9–2.3	0.02*
Myocardial infarction	1.7	0.4–3.8	0.50
Diabetes	1.5	1.1–2.6	0.14
Sepsis/septic shock	1.4	0.4–1.2	0.23
Chronic kidney disease	1.3	0.6–2.9	0.45
Alanine aminotransferase	1.3	0.7–1.8	0.89
Obesity	1.2	0.7–2.1	0.48
Cardiovascular disease	1.2	0.7–2.1	0.51
Sex	1.1	0.6–1.9	0.75
Hypertension	1.1	0.5–1.7	0.88
D-dimer	1.0	0.9–1.3	0.18
Pulmonary embolism	1.0	0.3–2.9	0.98

Note: *Significant results (P value <0.05).