Intention to Use and Its Predictors Towards Preconception Care Use Among Reproductive Age Women in Southwest Ethiopia, 2020: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic presentation of sampling procedure for a study conducted in Mizan-A man town, Bench-Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020.

Abbreviation: HHs, Households.

Table 1 Summary of Measurements and Scoring of Direct and Belief Based Measures of Constructs of TPB of the Study Conducted in Mizan Aman Town Southwest Ethiopia, 2020

	Items	Scale	Scoring	Outcome
Dimension(direct measures)
Intention(li)	4	Likert scale		Intention score
Attitude(A)	5	SDS		Attitude score
Subjective norm(SN)	4	Likert scale		Subjective norm score
Perceived behavioral control(PBC)	4	SDS		“PBC” score
Belief based(indirect measures)
Behavioral beliefs (bbi)	8	Likert scale		“IA” score
Evaluation of the beliefs (ebbi)	8	Likert scale
Normative beliefs (nbi)	7	Likert scale		“ISN” score
Motivation to comply (mci)	7	Likert scale
Control beliefs (cbi)	7	Likert scale		“IPBC” score
Power of control (pci)	7	Likert scale

Abbreviations: SDS, Semantic differential scale; IA, Indirect attitude; ISN, Indirect SN; IPBC, Indirect PBC.

Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents in Mizan-Aman Town, Southwest Ethiopia 2017 (N= 419)

Variable	Categories	Frequency(Percent)
Age in Years	15–24 years	30(7.2%)
	25–34 years	184(43.9%)
	35–49 years	205(48.9%)
Religion	Orthodox	222(53.0%)
	Protestant	147(35.1%)
	Muslim	39(9.3%)
	Others†	11(2.6%)
Ethnicity	Bench	161(38.4%)
	Amhara	120(28.6%)
	Keffa	65(15.5%)
	Welayita	38(9.1%)
	Oromo	23(5.3%)
	Others*	12(2.9)
Residency	Urban	314(74.9%)
	Peri urban	79(18.9%)
	Rural	26(6.2%)
Marital status	Married	321(76.6%)
	Widowed	20(4.8%)
	Separated	72(17.2%)
	Others	6(1.4%)
Occupation	Housewife	302(72.1%)
	Employed(Gov’t/private)	62(14.8%)
	Farmer	55(13.1%)
Educational status	No formal education	284(67.8%)
	Primary(1–8)education	66(15.8%)
	Secondary (9–12)	38(9.1%)
	Tertiary(>12)	31(7.4%)

Notes: *Gurage, Siltsa, Maniti, Kenbata; † Catholic, traditional, non religion.

Table 3 Reproductive Health Characteristics of Reproductive Age Women in Mizan-Aman Town, Bench-Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020 (n=419)

Variable	Category	Frequency(Percent)
Gravidity	Only 1 pregnancy	74(17.7%)
	2–4 pregnancies	275(65.6%)
	≥5 pregnancies	70(16.7%)
Parity	Primipara (one delivery)	86(20.5%)
	Multiparous (≥2 deliveries)	333(79.5%)
Planning to pregnancy	Yes	174(41.5%)
	No	245(58.5%)
Previous FP use	Yes	264(63.0%)
	No	155(37.0%)
Previous ANC visit	Yes	241(57.5%)
	No	178(42.5%)
Previous PNC visit	Yes	75(17.9%)
	No	344(82.1%)
Previous APO	Yes	47(11.2%)
	No	366(87.4%)

Table 4 Descriptive Statistics for Components of Theory of Planned Behavior and Intention for Reproductive Age Women in Mizan-Aman Town Southwest Ethiopia (N= 419)

Constructs	Items	Scale Range	Scale Mean	SD	Cronbach’s Alpha
Direct attitude	4	4–20	11.51	3.70	0.665
Direct Subjective norm	4	4–20	11.54	4.04	0.757
Direct PBC	4	4–20	11.51	3.98	0.756
Intention	4	4–20	11.59	3.97	0.771
Behavioral belief(BB)	8	8–40	23.2	6.26	0.724
Evaluation of behavioral belief (EBB)	8	8–40	23.25	6.4	0.749
Indirect attitude=£(BB*EBB)	16	16–288	79.17	37.41	0.870
Normative belief(NB)	7	7–35	20.27	5.92	0.784
Motivation to comply(MTC)	7	7–35	20.26	5.52	0.687
Indirect SN=£(NB*MTC)	14	14–196	61.18	33.64	0.864
Control belief(CB)	7	7–35	20.27	5.92	0.763
Power of control belief(PCB)	7	7–35	20.22	5.76	0.732
Indirect PBC=£(CB*PCB)	14	14–196	61.22	34.23	0.875

Table 5 Pearson’s Correlation Between Intention, Direct and Indirect Measure of TPB of the Current Study (N= 419)

Component	DA	DPBC	DSN	IA	ISN	IPBC	Intention
DA	1
DPBC	0.939**	1
DSN	0.897**	0.822**	1
IA	0.865**	0.798**	0.769**	1
ISN	0.890**	0.819**	0.764**	0.974**	1
IPBC	0.939**	0.868**	0.843**	0.960**	0.983**	1
Intention	0.887**	0.889**	0.854**	0.784**	0.795**	0.843**	1

Note: **The correlation is significant at P< 0.001.

Abbreviations: DA, direct attitude; DSN, direct subjective norm; DPBC, direct perceived behavioral control; IDA, Indirect attitude; IDSN, Indirect subjective norm; IDPBC, indirect perceived behavioral control.

Table 6 Independent Predictors to Behavioral Intention to Preconception Care Service Utilization, Mizan-Aman Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2020 (N= 419)

Variables	Standardized β	P-value	95% CI for β
PBC	0.512	0.0001	0.432–0.590
SN	0.344	0.0001	0.269–0.407
Attitude	0.320	0.0418	0.136–0.470
IA	0.228	0.896	−0.018–0.020
ISN	−0.108	0.002	0.005–0.021
IPBC	−0.197	0.284	−0.065–0.019
Knowledge	−0.018	0.792	−0.006–0.063
PBE	−0.011	0.594	−0.056–0.032
Age	0.046	0.020	0.005–0.054
Time to reach HF	−0.005	0.789	−0.007–0.006

Abbreviations: DA, direct attitude; DSN, direct subjective norm; DPBC, direct perceived behavioral control; IDA, Indirect attitude; IDSN, Indirect subjective norm; IPBC, indirect perceived behavioral control; PBE, Past behavioral experience; HF, health facility.