Association of Pulse Pressure Difference and Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese People: A Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants

PP	Total (n = 211,814)	Q1 (n = 50,772)	Q2 (n = 54,334)	Q3 (n = 48,506)	Q4 (n = 58,202)	p
Age (years)	42.1 ± 12.6	40.4 ± 10.3	40.6 ± 10.7	41.2 ± 11.8	45.7 ± 15.8	<0.001
Gender, n (%)						<0.001
Male	116,114 (54.8)	22,692 (44.7)	27,563 (50.7)	28,744 (59.3)	37,115 (63.8)
Female	95,700 (45.2)	28,080 (55.3)	26,771 (49.3)	19,762 (40.7)	21,087 (36.2)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.2 ± 3.3	22.4 ± 3.2	22.9 ± 3.2	23.4 ± 3.3	24.1 ± 3.4	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	4.9 ± 0.6	4.8 ± 0.6	4.9 ± 0.6	4.9 ± 0.6	5.1 ± 0.6	<0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.7 ± 0.9	4.6 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 0.9	4.8 ± 0.9	<0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)	1.0 (0.7, 1.4)	1.0 (0.7, 1.6)	1.1 (0.8, 1.6)	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)	<0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.3	<0.001
LDL (mmol/L)	2.8 ± 0.7	2.7 ± 0.7	2.7 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 0.7	<0.001
ALT (U/L)	24.0 ± 22.1	21.7 ± 21.6	23.0 ± 22.0	24.8 ± 22.1	26.1 ± 22.6	<0.001
AST (U/L)	24.1 ± 12.4	23.2 ± 13.5	23.5 ± 12.6	24.2 ± 11.7	25.2 ± 11.5	<0.001
BUN (mmol/L)	4.7 ± 1.2	4.5 ± 1.2	4.6 ± 1.2	4.7 ± 1.2	4.8 ± 1.2	<0.001
FPG of final visit	5.1 ± 0.7	5.0 ± 0.6	5.1 ± 0.6	5.1 ± 0.7	5.3 ± 0.8	<0.001
Smoking status, n (%)						<0.001
Current smoker	12,073 (5.7)	2767 (5.4)	3003 (5.5)	2924 (6)	3379 (5.8)
Ever smoker	2559 (1.2)	526 (1)	625 (1.2)	662 (1.4)	746 (1.3)
Never smoker	45,588 (21.5)	11,266 (22.2)	11,550 (21.3)	10,415 (21.5)	12,357 (21.2)
Drinking status, n (%)						<0.001
Current drinker	1351 (0.6)	238 (0.5)	369 (0.7)	306 (0.6)	438 (0.8)
Ever drinker	8955 (4.2)	1868 (3.7)	2215 (4.1)	2303 (4.7)	2569 (4.4)
Never drinker	49,914 (23.6)	12,453 (24.5)	12,594 (23.2)	11,392 (23.5)	13,475 (23.2)
Family history of diabetes						<0.001
No	207,472 (98.0)	49,518 (97.5)	53,161 (97.8)	47,535 (98)	57,258 (98.4)
Yes	4342 (2.0)	1254 (2.5)	1173 (2.2)	971 (2)	944 (1.6)

Note: Values are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body-mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; PP, pulse pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.

Table 2 Relationship Between PP and Risk of Diabetes

Variable	Model I (HR, 95% CI, P)	p	Model II (HR, 95% CI, P)	p	Model III HR, 95% CI, P)	p
pp	1.040 (1.037,1.042)	<0.001	1.015 (1.013,1.017)	<0.001	1.003 (1.001,1.005)	<0.05
PP (quartile)
Q 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
Q 2	1.205 (1.085~1.339)	<0.001	1.153 (1.037~1.281)	0.0082	1.036 (0.954~1.193)	0.520
Q 3	1.636 (1.477~1.812)	<0.001	1.414 (1.277~1.566)	<0.001	1.135 (1.008~1.252)	0.016
Q 4	2.964 (2.708~3.243)	<0.001	1.722 (1.569~1.891	<0.001	1.094 (1.002~1.061)	0.038
p for trend	<0.001		<0.001		0.038

Notes: Model I: we did not adjust other covariants. Model II: we adjusted age and gender. Model III: we adjusted age, gender, BMI, TC, TG, FPG, ALT, BUN, smoking and drinking status, and family history of diabetes.

Table 3 Relationship Between Pulse Pressure Difference and Diabetes

PP	HR (95% CI)	p
≤35	0.972 (0.953,0.972)	0.053
>35	1.044 (1.042,1.047)	<0.001

Figure 1 Relationship between pulse pressure difference and T2DM.

Figure 2 Relationship between pulse pressure difference and blood glucose level at the final visit.

Table 4 Effect of PP on Diabetes Risk Stratified by Subgroups

Characteristics	No. of Participants	DM Event_%	HR (95% CI)	p for Interaction
Age (years)
20 to <30	28,633	75 (0.3)	0.989 (0.966~1.012)	0.419
30 to <40	82,975	545 (0.7)	0.997 (0.989~1.005)
40 to <50	45,410	785 (1.7)	1.001 (0.994~1.008)
50 to <60	30,003	1221 (4.1)	1.006 (1.001~1.01)
60 to <70	17,528	970 (5.5)	1.002 (0.997~1.007)
≥70	7265	559 (7.7)	1.01 (1.005~1.015)
Family history of diabetes
NO	207472	3986 (1.9)	1.003 (1~1.005)	0.153
YES	4342	169 (3.9)	0.997 (0.983~1.012)
Gender
male	116,114	2991 (2.6)	1 (0.997~1.002)	<0.001
female	95,700	1164 (1.2)	1.007 (1.002~1.011)

Note: Model adjusted for age, gender, BMI, TC, TG, FPG, ALT, BUN, smoking and drinking status, and family history of diabetes.