Social Determinants of Health Correlating with Mechanical Ventilation of COVID-19 Patients: A Multi-Center Observational Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Variables, Stratified by MV

	Total	MV (N = 1621)	Non-MV (N = 9683)	p-value
Age of Patient (Years) (n = 11,304)
Mean (Standard Deviation)	63.77 (17.79)	65.73 (13.73)	63.40 (18.33)	< 0.0001
Body Mass Index (BMI) (n = 10,916)
Mean (Standard Deviation)	31.43 (8.75)	33.27 (9.05)	31.12 (8.51)	< 0.0001
Unemployment Rate of ZIP Code (%) (n = 11,212)
Mean (Standard Deviation)	7.44% (4.78%)	8.00% (4.92%)	7.35% (4.76%)	< 0.0001
Percent of ZIP Code Taking Public Transportation to Work (%) (n = 11,212)
Mean (Standard Deviation)	1.80% (2.72%)	2.06% (2.93%)	1.76% (2.68%)	0.0001
Percent of ZIP Code Working in White Collar Profession (%) (n = 11,212)
Mean (Standard Deviation)	35.69% (13.87%)	34.24% (13.23%)	35.92% (13.96%)	< 0.0001
Percent of ZIP Code Working in Service Profession (%) (n = 11,212)
Mean (Standard Deviation)	18.41% (5.59%)	18.99% (5.57%)	18.31% (5.59%)	< 0.0001
Median Income of ZIP Code ($) (n = 11,211)
Mean (Standard Deviation)	$60,704.80 ($25,539)	$57,068.40 ($23,179.14)	$61,311.67 ($25,871.93)	< 0.0001
Percent of ZIP Code on Food Stamps/SNAP* (%) (n = 11,211)
Mean (Standard Deviation)	17.31% (13.27%)	18.87% (13.48%)	17.06% (13.23%)	< 0.0001
Poverty Rate of ZIP Code (%) (n = 11,211)
Mean (Standard Deviation)	13.41% (10.82%)	14.60% (10.97%)	13.21% (10.79%)	< 0.0001
Biological Sex of Patient (n = 11,304)
Female	5657 (50.04%)	678 (41.85%)	4970 (51.38%)	< 0.0001
Male	5647 (49.96%)	942 (58.15%)	4703 (48.62%)
Race of Patient (n = 11,304)
American Indian or Alaska Native	34 (0.30%)	5 (0.31%)	29 (0.30%)	< 0.0001
Asian	230 (2.03%)	32 (1.98%)	198 (2.05%)
Black or African American	3684 (32.59%)	651 (40.19%)	3029 (31.31%)
Native American or Pacific Islander	5 (0.04%	1 (0.06%)	4 (0.04%)
Other	699 (6.18%)	84 (5.19%)	613 (6.34%)
White or Caucasian	6646 (58.79%)	846 (52.22%)	5795 (59.91%)
Unknown	6 (0.05%)	1 (0.06%)	5 (0.05%)
Ethnicity of Patient (n = 11,304)
Arabic or Middle Eastern	1139 (10.08%)	157 (9.69%)	982 (10.15%)	0.7024
Hispanic or Latino	351 (3.11%)	59 (3.64%)	292 (3.02%)
Not Hispanic or Latino	9273 (82.03%)	1329 (82.04%)	7936 (82.04%)
Other	440 (3.89%)	60 (3.70%)	377 (3.90%)
Unknown	101 (0.89%	15 (0.93%)	86 (0.89%)
Marital Status (n = 11,304)
Divorced	1114 (9.85%)	179 (11.05%)	933 (9.65%)	< 0.0001
Married	5199 (45.99%)	761 (46.98%)	4437 (45.87%)
Separated	124 (1.10%)	14 (0.86%)	110 (1.14%)
Single	2967 (26.25%)	445 (27.47%)	2522 (26.07%)
Widowed	1746 (15.45%)	189 (11.67%)	1550 (16.02%)
Unknown	154 (1.36%)	32 (1.98%)	121 (1.25%)
English Language Speaker (n = 11,304)
Yes	10,082 (89.19%)	1426 (88.02%)	8645 (89.37%)	0.1061
No	1222 (10.81%)	194 (11.98%)	1028 (10.63%)
Employment Status (n = 11,239)
Disabled	1089 (9.68%)	205 (12.65%)	884 (9.14%)	< 0.0001
Full Time	2536 (22.56%)	300 (18.52%)	2236 (23.12%)
Homemaker	104 (0.92%)	15 (0.93%)	89 (0.92%)
Not Employed	2382 (21.19%)	321 (19.81%)	2061 (21.31%)
Part Time	331 (2.95%)	35 (2.16%)	296 (3.06%)
Retired	4279 (38.07%)	648 (40.00%)	3631 (37.54%)
Self Employed	191 (1.70%)	25 (1.54%)	166 (1.72%)
Student	17 (0.151%)	0 (0.00%)	17 (0.18%)
Unknown	310 (2.76%)	71 (4.38%)	293 (3.03%)
Primary Payer (n = 11,304)
Private Insurance	6005 (53.12%)	793 (48.95%)	5210 (53.86%)	0.0005
Uninsured	132 (1.17%)	12 (0.74%)	120 (1.24%)
Medicaid	382 (3.38%)	56 (3.46%)	326 (3.37%)
Medicare	4760 (42.11)	757 (46.73%)	3994 (41.29%)
Tricare/VA	25 (0.22%)	2 (0.12%)	23 (0.24%)
Has Primary Care Physician (PCP) (n = 11,304)
Yes	8526 (75.42%)	1188 (73.33%)	7329 (75.77%)	0.0352
No	2778 (24.58%)	432 (26.67%)	2344 (24.23%)

Abbreviation: SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

Table 2 Multivariate Model to Predict MV

	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Age of Patient	1.02 (1.01, 1.02)	< 0.0001
Percent of ZIP Code Working in Service Industry	0.98 (0.96, 0.99)	0.0107
Median Income of ZIP Code ($1000 USD)	0.99 (0.99, 0.99)	< 0.0001
Biological Sex of Patient
Male	1.43 (1.28, 1.60)	< 0.0001
Female	Reference Group
Race of Patient
American Indian or Alaska Native	1.24 (0.49, 3.17)	0.6505
Asian	1.25 (0.85, 1.84)	0.2529
Black or African American	1.61 (1.41, 1.83)	< 0.0001
Native American or Pacific Islander	3.28 (0.43, 25.1)	0.2527
Other	0.86 (0.67, 1.11)	0.2560
Unknown	1.32 (0.17, 10.2)	0.7898
White or Caucasian	Reference Group
Marital Status
Divorced	1.05 (0.87, 1.26)	0.6256
Separated	0.69 (0.39, 1.21)	0.1927
Single	1.02 (0.89, 1.18)	0.7519
Unknown	1.33 (0.87, 2.02)	0.1894
Widowed	0.61 (0.51, 0.74)	< 0.0001
Married	Reference Group
English Speaker
No	1.26 (1.05, 1.53)	0.0150
Yes	Reference Group
Employment Status
Disabled	1.55 (1.26, 1.90)	< 0.0001
Homemaker	1.50 (0.85, 2.66)	0.1639
Not Employed	1.13 (0.94, 1.35)	0.1858
Part Time	1.03 (0.71, 1.50)	0.8596
Retired	1.07 (0.89, 1.28)	0.4861
Self Employed	1.08 (0.70, 1.68)	0.7324
Student	0.33 (0.22, 6.00)	0.4527
Unknown	1.52 (1.12, 2.05)	0.0070
Full Time	Reference Group