Comparison of Body Composition, Strength, and Physical Performance Measurements Between Healthy Participants and Hemodialysis Patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics

	HPs (n = 42)	HD Patients (n = 84)	P-value
Age (years)	55.6 ± 16.1	56.5 ± 11.9	0.714
Sex (men)	21 (50%)	44 (52.4%)	0.801
Diabetes mellitus	–	44 (52.4%)	–
Dialysis vintage (years)	–	2.9 (4.9)	–
CCI score	–	6 (3)	–
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)	14.2 ± 1.8	11.0 ± 0.6	<0.001
Albumin (g/dL)	4.4 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	<0.001
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	0.09 (0.15)	0.20 (0.40)	<0.001
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	14.6 ± 3.6	59.4 ± 14.7	<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 ± 0.2	10.3 ± 2.6	<0.001
25-hydroxy vitamin D (ng/mL)	15.6 (13.0)	10.2 (6.5)	<0.001
spKt/Vurea	–	1.4 ± 0.3	–

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for variables with normal distribution and median (interquartile range) for variables with non-normal distribution. P-values were tested using Student’s t-test for variables with normal distribution and Mann–Whitney U-test for variables with non-normal distribution.

Abbreviations: HPs, healthy participants; HD, hemodialysis; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index.

Table 2 Comparison of Body Composition Between Healthy Participants and Hemodialysis Patients

	HPs	HD Patients	P-value
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	23.8 ± 2.9	23.7 ± 3.6	0.955
Total lean mass (kg)	43.2 ± 8.4	43.0 ± 8.1	0.921
Appendicular lean mass	18.7 ± 4.1	17.4 ± 3.8	0.074
Arms lean mass	4.8 ± 1.4	4.6 ± 1.1	0.280
Legs lean mass	14.0± 2.9	12.8 ± 2.9	0.045
Trunk lean mass	20.8 ± 3.9	22.0 ± 4.2	0.128
Total fat mass (kg)	18.2 ± 5.8	17.4 ± 7.7	0.589
Arms fat mass	1.6 ± 0.6	1.6 ± 0.9	0.991
Legs fat mass	5.3 ± 1.9	4.7 ± 2.1	0.138
Trunk fat mass	10.5 ± 3.6	10.4 ± 5.0	0.852
Sagittal abdomen diameter (cm)	20.0 ± 2.6	20.5 ± 3.1	0.417
Abdominal VFA (cm^2)	106 (106)	145 (81)	0.282
Abdominal SFA (cm^2)	138 ± 53	128 ± 71	0.407
Total BMD (g/cm^2)	1.12 ± 0.11	1.06 ± 0.13	0.018
Arms BMD	0.96 ± 0.16	0.85 ± 0.16	<0.001
Legs BMD	1.19 ± 0.15	1.11 ± 0.18	0.010
Spine BMD	1.02 ± 0.14	1.03 ± 0.16	0.828
Pelvis BMD	1.06 ± 0.11	0.97 ± 0.14	0.001
Edema index	0.345 ± 0.010	0.355 ± 0.015	<0.001
Thigh muscle area (cm^2)	109 ± 26	97 ± 23	0.010
Intramuscular fat area (cm^2)	4.6 ± 2.8	5.5 ± 4.8	0.232
Thigh SFA (cm^2)	51.5 ± 24.9	50.2 ± 28.5	0.804

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for variables with normal distribution and median (interquartile range) for variables with non-normal distribution. P-values were tested using Student’s t-test for variables with normal distribution and Mann–Whitney U-test for variables with non-normal distribution.

Abbreviations: HPs, healthy participants; HD, hemodialysis; VFA, visceral fat area; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; BMD, bone mineral density.

Table 3 Comparison of Strength and Physical Performance Between HPs and HD Patients

	HPs	HD Patients	P-value
HGS (kg)	30.0 (19.3)	26.0 (9.8)	<0.001
GS (m/s)	1.08 ± 0.18	0.92 ± 0.20	<0.001
5STS (s)	5.3 (2.3)	7.8 (3.4)	<0.001
STS30	25.0 ± 6.9	17.8 ± 5.7	<0.001
6MWT (m)	569 (119)	479 (142)	<0.001
TUG	5.6 (1.3)	6.7 (2.9)	<0.001
SPPB	12.0 (0)	11.5 (2.0)	<0.001

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for variables with normal distribution and median (interquartile range) for variables with non-normal distribution. P-values were tested using Student’s t-test for variables with normal distribution and Mann–Whitney U-test for variables with non-normal distribution.

Abbreviations: HPs, healthy participants; HD, hemodialysis; HGS, handgrip strength; GS, gait speed; 5STS, five times sit-to-stand test; STS30, sit-to-stand for 30-s test; 6-MWT, 6-minute walk test; TUG, timed up-and-go test; SPPB, short physical performance battery.