Serum Level of Lactate Dehydrogenase is Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Risk as Determined by the Framingham Risk Score and Arterial Stiffness in a Health-Examined Population in China

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of Different LDH Levels

	LDH<Median (172 IU/L) (n=6286)	LDH≥Median (172 IU/L) (n=6311)	P
Male,n	3568 (56.76)	3420 (54.19)	0.004
Age,y	47.81±9.56	51.16±10.20	0.000
Smoking,n	1199 (19.07)	1175 (18.62)	0.191
BMI,kg/m^2	24.24±3.12	25.06±3.28	0.008
sBP,mmHg	124.13±16.58	129.88±17.74	0.000
dBP,mmHg	76.54±11.36	78.93±11.38	0.766
uric acid,umol/L	330.18±86.67	335.93±87.27	0.769
ALP,U/L	79.40±22.35	88.25±25.50	0.000
TC,mmol/L	5.27±1.01	5.47±1.11	0.000
TG,mmol/L	1.73±1.26	1.83±1.48	0.055
HDL-C,mmol/L	1.33±0.30	1.35±0.32	0.019
LDL-C,mmol/L	3.27±0.75	3.40±0.80	0.000
FBG,mmol/L	5.52±1.26	5.54±1.29	0.726
HbA1c,%	5.61±0.76	5.68±0.74	0.242
baPWV,cm/s	1293.75±239.54	1375.13±263.85	0.000
CVD10,%	3 (1,8)	4 (1,10)	0.000

Figure 1 baPWV and CVD10 of different LDH levels. (A) Comparison of baPWV between two groups with different LDH levels. (B) Comparison of CVD10 between two groups with different LDH levels. ***P < 0.001.

Table 2 Factors Associated with baPWV or CVD10 (Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis)

	baPWV		CVD10
	Standardized Coefficient (β)	P	Standardized Coefficient (β)	P
Male,n	−0.062	0.000	−0.289	0.000
Age,y	0.366	0.000	0.409	0.000
Smoking,n	0.018	0.008	0.446	0.000
BMI,kg/m^2	−0.115	0.000	−0.032	0.000
sBP,mmHg	0.402	0.000	0.161	0.000
dBP,mmHg	0.090	0.000	−0.012	0.124
Uric acid,umol/L	0.065	0.000	−0.009	0.152
ALP,U/L	0.033	0.000	−0.062	0.000
LDH,U/L	0.032	0.000	0.025	0.000
TC,mmol/L	0.092	0.000	0.204	0.000
TG,mmol/L	0.005	0.630	0.028	0.000
HDL-C,mmol/L	−0.047	0.000	−0.151	0.000
LDL-C,mmol/L	−0.068	0.002	−0.035	0.042
FBG,mmol/L	0.080	0.000	−0.044	0.000
HbA1c,%	0.030	0.004	−0.013	0.125

Table 3 Clinical Characteristics of the Subjects According to baPWV

	Male			Female
	baPWV <1400cm/s (n=4333)	baPWV ≥1400cm/s (n=2655)	P	baPWV <1400cm/s (n=4035)	baPWV ≥1400cm/s (n=1574)	P
Age,y	46.07±9.00	53.84±9.53	0.000	46.82±8.74	58.38±8.41	0.000
Smoking,n	1465(33.81)	894(33.67)	0.906	11(0.25)	5(0.32)	0.649
BMI,kg/m2	25.46±3.03	25.75±3.03	0.000	23.10±3.00	24.54±3.11	0.000
sBP,mmHg	123.55±12.84	138.38±15.90	0.000	117.40±14.61	141.99±16.92	0.000
dBP,mmHg	77.65±9.64	86.38±10.57	0.000	70.87±9.67	81.02±10.23	0.000
Uric acid,umol/L	379.07±73.95	378.96±79.31	0.952	268.99±59.28	293.22±66.63	0.000
ALP,U/L	83.21±23.40	87.50±21.96	0.000	77.69±25.17	94.80±25.44	0.000
LDH,U/L	173.00±33.36	176.93±30.99	0.000	171.39±31.08	189.10±34.20	0.000
TC,mmol/L	5.32±1.04	5.41±1.13	0.001	5.28±1.01	5.66±1.12	0.000
TG,mmol/L	1.97±1.54	2.18±1.64	0.000	1.31±0.82	1.80±1.20	0.000
HDL-C,mmol/L	1.23±0.26	1.23±0.27	0.448	1.49±0.32	1.42±0.30	0.000
LDL-C,mmol/L	3.36±0.77	3.40±0.81	0.048	3.21±0.74	3.49±0.80	0.000
FBG,mmol/L	5.48±1.09	6.04±1.79	0.000	5.17±0.72	5.71±1.48	0.000
HbA1c,%	5.58±0.68	5.90±1.01	0.000	5.46±0.47	5.86±0.86	0.000

Table 4 Clinical Characteristics of the Subjects According to CVD10

	Male			Female
	CVD10 <10 (n=4057)	CVD10 ≥10 (n=2931)	P	CVD10 <10 (n=5478)	CVD10 ≥10 (n=131)	P
Age,y	44.41±7.80	55.41±8.79	0.000	49.54±9.57	71.76±6.87	0.000
Smoking,n	629(15.50)	1730(59.02)	0.000	12(0.22)	3(2.29)	0.000
BMI,kg/m2	25.34±3.06	25.90±2.95	0.000	23.44±3.06	26.23±3.22	0.000
sBP,mmHg	125.80±13.71	133.86±17.28	0.000	123.50±18.20	157.90±15.23	0.000
dBP,mmHg	79.49±10.45	83.01±11.08	0.000	73.56±10.78	80.34±11.18	0.000
Uric acid,umol/L	380.27±73.48	377.31±79.39	0.108	274.81±61.33	316.61±87.57	0.000
ALP,U/L	83.24±21.72	87.22±23.54	0.000	82.10±26.28	98.92±25.86	0.000
LDH,U/L	172.94±32.46	176.65±32.51	0.000	175.73±32.39	202.51±44.05	0.000
TC,mmol/L	5.20±1.00	5.57±1.13	0.000	5.38±1.05	5.88±1.26	0.000
TG,mmol/L	1.86±1.30	2.31±1.87	0.000	1.43±0.95	2.15±1.41	0.000
HDL-C,mmol/L	1.25±0.27	1.20±0.25	0.000	1.48±0.32	1.34±0.25	0.000
LDL-C,mmol/L	3.27±0.74	3.53±0.81	0.000	3.28±0.76	3.65±0.91	0.000
FBG,mmol/L	5.53±1.20	5.92±1.66	0.000	5.30±0.99	6.20±1.81	0.000
HbA1c,%	5.57±0.72	5.88±0.94	0.000	5.56±0.61	6.26±1.11	0.000