Stroke and Myocardial Infarction: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 The main assumptions of two-sample Mendelian randomization and the design of this study. (A) The main assumptions of two-sample Mendelian randomization. (B) This study design of the Mendelian randomization analysis of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction.

Abbreviations: LAS, large-artery stroke; CES, cardioembolic stroke; SVS, small vessel stroke; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Figure 2 Mendelian randomization analysis of ischemic stroke and its subtypes for the risk of myocardial infarction.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; LAS, large-artery stroke; CES, cardioembolic stroke; IVW, inverse variance-weighted; MR, Mendelian randomization; MI, myocardial infarction; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Figure 3 Mendelian randomization leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for exposure on outcome. (A) All ischemic stroke on myocardial infarction. (B) Large-artery stroke on myocardial infarction. (C) All ischemic stroke on myocardial infarction after excluding the multipotent SNPs. (D) Large-artery stroke on myocardial infarction after excluding the multipotent SNPs. (E) Myocardial infarction on all ischemic stroke. (F) Myocardial infarction on large-artery stroke. Circles indicate Mendelian randomization estimates for exposure on the outcome using the inverse-variance weighted method if the SNP was omitted. The bars indicate the confidence interval of Mendelian randomization estimates.

Abbreviations: MR, Mendelian randomization; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.

Figure 4 Associations of large-artery stroke related variants with risk of myocardial infarction. The line indicates the estimate of the effect using the MR method. Circles indicate marginal genetic associations with large-artery stroke and risk of myocardial infarction for each genetic variant. Error bars indicate 95% CIs.

Figure 5 Mendelian randomization analysis of myocardial infarction for the risk of ischemic stroke and its subtypes. (A) The effect of all selected SNPs related to myocardial infarction on stroke and its subtypes. (B) The causal effect of myocardial infarction on stroke and its subtypes after excluding the multipotent SNPs.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IVW, inverse variance-weighted; MR, Mendelian randomization; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms.