Recent Advancements on COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Reported Incubation Period of Coronaviruses

Coronavirus	Incubation Period		Reference
	Median/Day	Range (95% CI)/Day
SARS-CoV-2	5.1	4.5–5.8	[^Citation13]
SARS-CoV-2	6.4	2.1–11.1	[^Citation25]
SARS-CoV-2	5.0	2.0–14.0	[^Citation139]
SARS-CoV-2	5.2	4.1–7.0	[^Citation118]
SARS-CoV-1	5.0	2.0–14.0	[^Citation26]
MERS-CoV (South Korea)	6.9	6.3–7.5	[^Citation27]
MERS-CoV (Saudi Arabia)	5.0	4.0–6.6	[^Citation27]

Figure 1 Pathophysiology of COVID-19 indicate virus entering the host cells through interaction of its spike protein with the entry receptor ACE2 in the presence of TMPRSS2.

Notes: Reproduced by permission from: Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2020;26(7):1017–1032. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3.⁷⁵ © Springer Nature America, Inc. 2020. This image is exlcuded from the Creative Commons license: Figure 1 is copyright protected and excluded from the open access license.

Table 2 Hematological and Serum Biochemical Changes in COVID-19 Patients

Parameter	Pattern	Reference
Leukocyte (WBC)	Normal	[^Citation189]
	Leukopenia	[^Citation185]
	Leukocytosis	[^Citation185]
	Neutrophilia	[^Citation195]
	Lymphopaenia	[^Citation195]
Thrombocyte	Thrombocytopenia	[^Citation189]
Serum biochemistry	Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)	[^Citation1,Citation203]
	Decreased ferritin	[^Citation248]
	Elevated Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	[^Citation181]
	Elevated alanine transaminase (ALT)	[^Citation161]
	Elevated aspartate transaminase (AST)	[^Citation161]
	Elevate alkaline phosphatase (ALP)	[^Citation161]
	Elevated amylase	[^Citation89]
	Elevated creatine kinase	[^Citation161]
	Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)	[^Citation1]
	Elevated creatinine	[^Citation1]
	Mostly normal procalcitonin	[^Citation203]
	Hyperfibrinogenemia	[^Citation161]
	Elevated D-dimer	[^Citation156]
	Decreased D-dimer	[^Citation249]

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