Identification and Validation of Dilated Cardiomyopathy-Related Genes via Bioinformatics Analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1 The flow chart of the study.

Table 1 Differentially Expressed miRNAs (DEMis)

Name	Log2FC	P value	Adjusted P value
hsa-miR-144-5p	−6.79804	1.80E-07	0.000364
hsa-miR-9-3p	−6.15537	1.17E-06	0.00119
hsa-miR-144-3p	−7.73381	2.05E-06	0.001384
hsa-miR-451a	−2.88888	5.06E-05	0.025643
hsa-miR-363-3p	−1.74927	0.002051	0.723382
hsa-miR-551b-3p	−2.33713	0.002141	0.723382
hsa-miR-770-5p	4.347986	0.002873	0.736179
hsa-miR-21-5p	1.168993	0.002905	0.736179

Figure 2 The screening and functional annotation of DEMis in DCM. (A) The 8 DEMis are shown in the volcano plot (|log2FC| > 1, P-value < 0.01). (B) The heat map shows the expression level of differentially expressed miRNA. (C) The transcription factors enrichment analysis of DEMis in DCM. (D–F) The GO functional annotation of DEMis in DCM.

Figure 3 The screening of DEMs in DCM. (A) The volcano plot was drawn to show the 209 up-regulated and 265 downregulated mRNAs in GSE29819 (|log2FC| > 1, adjusted P-value < 0.05). (B) The heatmap shows the expression level of DEMs in GSE29819. (C) The volcano plot was drawn to show the 1059 up-regulated and 398 downregulated mRNAs in GSE84796 (|log2FC| > 1, adjusted P-value < 0.05). (D) The heatmap shows the expression level of DEMs in GSE84796. (E and F) The Venn diagrams were drawn to show the overlapping up-/down-regulated mRNAs between GSE29819 and GSE84796.

Figure 4 Pathway and GO enrichment analysis of DEMs. (A) The top 10 pathways from the results of KEGG analysis (P < 0.05). (B) The top 10 terms from the results of GO enrichment analysis (P < 0.05).

Table 2 The Five Algorithmic Scores of Hub Genes

Name	Betweeness	Closeness	Degree	MCC	Stress
hsa-miR-551b-3p	960.4928571	26.03333333	15	19	2196
hsa-miR-770-5p	719.0690476	21.25952381	11	11	1532
PIK3R1	444.2190476	22.08333333	6	10	784
DDIT4	341.3428571	21.26666667	5	6	778
CXCR4	308.1904762	22.28333333	7	18	760
hsa-miR-363-3p	300.4690476	20.2	7	7	632

Figure 5 Construction of miRNA-mRNA network. (A) The network of DEMis and DEMs. (B) The top 10 hub genes from the results of Betweenness algorithms. (C) The top 10 hub genes from the results of Closeness algorithms. (D) The top 10 hub genes from the results of Degree algorithms. (E) The top 10 hub genes from the results of MCC algorithms. (F) The top 10 hub genes from the results of Stress algorithms. (G) The Venn diagram was drawn to show the overlapping hub genes in the results of 5 algorithms.

Table 3 Suggested Top 10 Drugs Compounds for the DCM

Name	P value	Adjusted P value	Gene
Tributyltin CTD 00000610	8.92E-06	0.002581	DDIT4; CXCR4
Dimethyloxalylglycine PC3 UP	1.69E-05	0.002581	DDIT4; CXCR4
Oxygen CTD 00006454	1.79E-05	0.002581	DDIT4; CXCR4; PIK3R1
Ellipticine PC3 UP	4.85E-05	0.003705	DDIT4; CXCR4
Gedunin CTD 00003449	5.86E-05	0.003705	DDIT4; PIK3R1
Octa-2,4,6-trienoic acid CTD 00002551	5.86E-05	0.003705	CXCR4; PIK3R1
Bexarotene CTD 00003225	6.12E-05	0.003705	DDIT4; PIK3R1
Ciclopirox PC3 UP	7.11E-05	0.003705	DDIT4; CXCR4
Celastrol CTD 00002186	7.70E-05	0.003705	DDIT4; PIK3R1
Menadione PC3 UP	9.46E-05	0.004095	DDIT4; CXCR4

Figure 6 Prediction of top 10 candidate drugs. (A) The top 10 hub gene-related drugs. (B) The diagram of chemical structure of drugs.

Figure 7 Validation of abnormal hub genes. (A) The expression level of miRNAs (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01). (B) The expression level of mRNAs (* P < 0.05, ** P <0.01, **** P < 0.0001).