Secondary Infections in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Treated with Tocilizumab Compared to Those Not Treated with Tocilizumab: A Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Hospital in Kenya

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics of Patients with COVID-19

		Total (n = 913)		Tocilizumab				P value
				No (n=820)		Yes (n=93)
Age (Years) (mean (39))		51.17	(16.66)	50.25	(16.51)	59.32	(15.80)	<0.001
Age (Years)	0–17	21	2.3%	20	2.4%	1	1.1%	<0.001
	18–39	218	23.9%	207	25.2%	11	11.8%
	40–69	547	59.9%	494	60.2%	53	57.0%
	> 70	127	13.9%	99	12.1%	28	30.1%
Gender	Male	607	66.5%	535	65.2%	72	77.4%	0.02
	Female	306	33.5%	285	34.8%	21	22.6%
Race	African	738	80.8%	671	81.8%	67	72.0%	0.06
	Indian	106	11.6%	89	10.9%	17	18.3%
	Others	69	7.6%	60	7.3%	9	9.7%
Baseline Comorbidities	Diabetes	249	27.3%	222	27.1%	27	29.0%	0.713
	Hypertension	300	32.9%	256	31.2%	44	47.3%	0.002
	Heart Disease	48	5.3%	43	5.2%	5	5.4%	1
	HIV Positive	21	2.3%	20	2.4%	1	1.1%	0.714
	COPD	4	0.4%	2	0.2%	2	2.2%	0.054
	Renal	37	4.1%	33	4.0%	4	4.3%	0.784
	Cancer	24	2.6%	19	2.3%	5	5.4%	0.088
	Rheumatology Disorders	6	0.7%	6	0.7%	0	0.0%	1
	Others	180	19.7%	159	19.4%	21	22.6%	0.492
	None	408	44.7%	375	45.7%	33	35.5%	0.062
Renal Disease	Stage 2	1	2.7%	1	3.0%	0	0.0%	0.613
	Stage 3	7	18.9%	7	21.2%	0	0.0%
	Stage 4	29	78.4%	25	75.8%	4	100.0%
Comorbidities	None	409	44.8%	376	45.9%	33	35.5%	0.152
	1	252	27.6%	223	27.2%	29	31.2%
	≥ 2	252	27.6%	221	27.0%	31	33.3%
Diabetes Overall		439	48.1%	390	47.6%	49	52.7%	0.382
Hypertension Overall		344	37.7%	303	37.0%	41	44.1%	0.214

Table 2 Infection and Mortality Among Patient with and without Tocilizumab

	Total COVID-19 (n = 913)	Infection	Infection %	No-Tocilizumab Group (n=820)	No-Tocilizumab Group %	Tocilizumab Group (n = 93)	Tocilizumab Group %
Bacterial/Fungal Infection	No	858	94.0%	781	95.2%	77	82.8%	<0.001
	Yes	55	6.0%	39	4.8%	16	17.2%
Final Covid Severity	Mild	423	46.3%	409	49.9%	14	15.1%	<0.001
	Moderate	29	3.2%	29	3.5%	0	0.0%
	Severe	397	43.5%	353	43.0%	44	47.3%
	Critical	64	7.0%	29	3.5%	35	37.6%
Outcome	Recovered	834	91.3%	750	91.5%	84	90.3%	0.846
	Died	79	8.7%	70	8.5%	9	9.7%

Table 3 Mortality Among Patient with Severe and Critical COVID-19 with and without Tocilizumab

		Tocilizumab
		No		Yes
SEVERE COVID	Recovered	341	96.60%	40	90.90%	p value = 0.085
	Died	12	3.40%	4	9.10%
		Tocilizumab
		No		Yes
CRITICAL COVID	Recovered	5	17.20%	4	11.40%	p value = 0.720
	Died	24	82.80%	31	88.60%

Figure 1 Mortality Comparison among patients receiving the Tocilizumab versus Usual care group (Overall, Severe COVID-19 and Critical COVID-19).

Table 4 Number and Site of Infection Among COVID-19 Patients

Infections from 55 Patients
No of Infections	1	26	47.3%
	2	13	23.6%
	3	3	5.5%
	≥ 4	13	23.6%
Specimen	BLOOD	37	26.4%
	TRACHEAL ASPIRA	37	26.4%
	URINE	29	20.7%
	BRONCHIAL ASPIR	10	7.1%
	TISSUE	9	6.4%
	SPUTUM	7	5.0%
	WOUND SWAB	5	3.6%
	MISCELLANEOUS	4	2.9%
	CSF	1	0.7%
	PLEURAL FLUID	1	0.7%

Table 5 Organism Incidence Among Patient Receiving Tocilizumab or Not

		Total (n=140)		Tocilizumab
				No (n = 89)		Yes (n=51)
Organism	Esch. coli	29	20.7%	17	19.1%	12	23.5%
	Ps. aeruginosa	18	12.9%	12	13.5%	6	11.8%
	Ent. cloacae	13	9.3%	6	6.7%	7	13.7%
	Aci. baumannii	11	7.9%	7	7.9%	4	7.8%
	K. pneumoniae	11	7.9%	6	6.7%	5	9.8%
	Staph. aureus	10	7.1%	4	4.5%	6	11.8%
	Entero. faecalis	9	6.4%	8	9.0%	1	2.0%
	C. auris	7	5.0%	5	5.6%	2	3.9%
	C. albicans	7	5.0%	5	5.6%	2	3.9%
	C. tropicalis	5	3.6%	5	5.6%	0	0.0%
	Staph. epidermidis	4	2.9%	3	3.4%	1	2.0%
	C. glabrata	3	2.1%	2	2.2%	1	2.0%
	Staph. haemolyticus	3	2.1%	1	1.1%	2	3.9%
	Staph. hominis	2	1.4%	2	2.2%	0	0.0%
	C. dubliniensis	1	0.7%	1	1.1%	0	0.0%
	C. lusitaniae	1	0.7%	0	0.0%	1	2.0%
	C. magnoliae	1	0.7%	1	1.1%	0	0.0%
	K. oxytoca	1	0.7%	1	1.1%	0	0.0%
	Ps. fluorescens	1	0.7%	1	1.1%	0	0.0%
	Salmonella group	1	0.7%	1	1.1%	0	0.0%
	Staph. warneri	1	0.7%	0	0.0%	1	2.0%
	Str. parasanguinis	1	0.7%	1	1.1%	0	0.0%