Comparison of Anxiety and Depression Among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Pregnant Women During COVID-19 Pandemic in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of HIV-Positive Pregnant Women and HIV-Negative Pregnant Women in Ekiti State Nigeria

Characteristics	HIV-Positive (n=99)	HIV-Negative (n=99)	P-value
Age in Years Mean±SD	34.2±4.1	32.0±3.5	0.000
Marital Status, n (%)
Single	6(5.1%)	6(6.1)	0.572
Married	92(92.9%)	92(92.9)
Widowed	1(1.0)	1(1.0)
Types of Marriage, n (%)
Monogamy	82(82.8)	89(89.9)	0.154
Polygamy	17(17.2)	10(10.1)
Parity, n (%)
1	44(22.2)	66(33.3)	0.021
2	38(19.2)	20(10.1)
3	11(5.6)	10(5.1)
4	5(2.5)	3(1.5)
5	1(0.5)	0(0)
Estimated Gestational Age, n (%)
5–13 weeks	17(17.2)	12(12.1)	0.070
14–28 weeks	66(66.7)	41(41.4)
28–40 weeks	15(15.2)	45(45.5)
>40 weeks	1(1.0)	1(1.0)
Religion, n (%)
Christianity	81(81.8)	89(89.9)	0.139
Islam	17(17.2)	8(8.1)
Traditional	1(1.0)	2(2.0)
Level of Education, n (%)
No formal education	5(5.1)	1(1.0)	0.090
Primary uncompleted	3(3.0)	1(1.0)
Primary completed	8(8.1)	2(2.0)
Secondary completed	22(22.2)	6(6.1)
Secondary uncompleted	18(18.2)	5(5.1)
Tertiary completed	37(37.4)	76(76.8)
Tertiary uncompleted	6(6.1)	8(8.1)
Occupation, n (%)
Employed	54(54.5)	66(66.7)	0.081
Unemployed	45(45.5)	33(33.3)

Table 2 Severity of Depression and Anxiety Using PHQ-9 and GAD-7 Scales

	HIV Positive	HIV Negative	Total	Mann–Whitney U	p-value
Depression
None Minimal	17(17.2)	53(53.5)	70(35.4)	2180.000	0.000
Mild	33(33.3)	25(25.3)	58(29.3)
Moderate	29(29.3)	15(15.2)	44(22.2)
Moderately Severe	15(15.2)	5(5.1)	20(10.1)
Severe	5(5.1)	1(1.0)	6(3.0)
Anxiety
Minimal	18(18.2)	51(51.5)	69(69.7)	2507.000	0.000
Mild	44(44.4)	27(27.3)	71(71.7)
Moderate	28(28.3)	17(17.2)	45(45.5)
Severe	9(9.1)	4(4.0)	13(13.1)

Table 3 Dichotomized PHQ-9 and GAD-7 Scores Using the Cut-Off 10 and 8, Respectively

	HIV Positive	HIV Negative	Total	Mann–Whitney U	p-value
Major Depressive Disorder
No	50(50.5)	78(78.8)	128(64.6)	3019.500	0.000
Yes	49(49.5)	21(21.2)	70(35.4)
PHQ-9 score Mean±SD	8.0±5.4	2.3±2.9
Severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder
No	62(62.6)	84(84.8)	146(73.7)	3712.500	0.000
Yes	37(37.4)	15(15.2)	52(26.3)
GAD-7 score
Mean±SD	5.9±4.6	1.2±2.2

Table 4 Relationship Between Sociodemographic and PHQ-9 Depression Score Among HIV Positive Pregnant Women

Characteristics	B(SE)	P-value	B(SE)	P-value
Age	−0.449(0.481)	0.353	−0.247(0.518)	0.635
Marital Status	−0.030(2.112)	0.989	−0.339(2.169)	0.876
Type of Marriage	3.032(1.429)	0.036	2.370(1.550)	0.130
Parity	0.565(0.611)	0.357	0.583(0.673)	0.363
Estimated Gestational Age	0.667(0.912)	0.466	0.150(0.933)	0.872
Religion	4.078(1.250)	0.002	3.040(1.389)	0.031
Level of Education	−0.579(0.366)	0.117	−0.217(0.420)	0.606
Occupation	1.989(1.089)	0.071	0.943(1.278)	0.463
Partner HIV status	−1.191(0.786)	0.133	−0.399(0.888)	0.654

Table 5 Relationship Between Sociodemographic and GAD-7 Anxiety Score Among HIV Positive Pregnant Women

Characteristics	B(SE)	P-value	B(SE)	P-value
Age	–0.449(0.409)	0.275	−0.140(0.422)	0.741
Marital Status	−1.231(1.794)	0.494	−0.666(1.766)	0.707
Type of Marriage	3.269(1.199)	0.008	2.472(1.262)	0.053
Parity	0.285(0.521)	0.586	0.307(0.519)	0.556
Estimated Gestational Age	0.194(0.778)	0.803	−0.189(0.760)	0.804
Religion	4.215(1.036)	0.000	3.262(1.131)	0.005
Level of Education	−0.526(0.311)	0.094	−0.220(0.342)	0.522
Occupation	1.324(0.986)	0.183	0.736(1.041)	0.481
Partner HIV Status	−1.210(0.665)	0.072	−0.461(0.723)	0.526