Characteristic of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Based on TOAST Classification During COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Single Centre Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristic Research Subjects

Characteristic	n (%)	p-value
Gender
Male	80 (58.8)	0.929
Female	56 (41.2)
Age (years)
20–29	3
30–39	5
40–49	21
50–59	45
60–64	24
≥65	38	0.463
NIHSS admission
Mild	20 (14.7)
Moderate	83 (61.0)
Moderate-severe	31(22.8)
Severe	2 (1.5)
Onset
<4.5 hours	23 (16.9)
≥4.5 hours	113 (83.1)
TOAST classification
Large-artery Atherosclerosis	41 (30.1)
Small-vessel Occlusion	34 (25.0)
Cardioembolism	30 (22.1)
Stroke of other determined etiology	2 (1.5)
Stroke of undetermined etiology	29 (21.3)
Infarct location based on CT-Scan
Cortical	86 (63.2)
Subcortical supratentorial	42 (30.9)
Infratentorial	8 (5.9)
Risk factors, n (%)
Hypertension	109 (80.1)	0.018*
Diabetes Mellitus	36 (26.5)	1.000
Dyslipidemia	83 (61)	0.099
Smoking	37 (27.2)	0.021*
Hyperuricemia	7 (5.1)	1.000
Atrial Fibrillation	21 (15.4)	0.022*
Myocardial Infarction	4 (2.9)	0.186
Congestive heart failure	14 (10.3)	0.117
Hypercoagulation	27 (19.9)	0.000*
Stroke history	65 (47.8)	0.715
COVID-19
Yes	25 (18.4)
No	111 (81.6)

Note: *Statistically significant.

Table 2 Correlation Risk Factor Based on TOAST Classification

	Large-Artery Atherosclerosis (n=41)	p-value	Small-Vessel Occlusion (n=34)	p-value	Cardio Embolism (n=30)	p-value	Other Determined Etiology (n=2)	p-value	Undetermined Etiology (n=29)	p-value
Gender, n (%)
Male	21 (51)	0.237	21 (61)	0.687	20 (66)	0.323	2 (100)	0.114	16 (55)	0.652
Female	20 (49)		13 (39)		10 (34)		0 (0)		13 (45)
Age (years), n (%)
≥65 years	7 (17)	0.064	10 (29)	0.825	10 (34)	0.456	0 (0)	0.852	11 (37)	0.176
<65 years	34 (83)		24 (71)		20 (66)		2 (100)		18 (63)
NIHSS admission, n (%)
Mild	2 (5)		15 (44)		1 (3)		0 (0)		2 (7)
Moderate	32 (78)		16 (47)		16 (53)		1 (50)		18 (62)
Moderate-Severe	7 (17)		2 (6)		13 (44)		0 (0)		9 (31)
Severe	0 (0)		1 (3)		0		1 (50)		0 (0)
Onset, n (%)
<4,5 hours	7 (17)		3 (9)		11 (37)		1 (50)		1 (4)
≥4,5 hours	34 (83)		31 (91)		19 (63)		1 (50)		28 (96)
Infarct location based on CT-Scan, n (%)
Cortical	33 (80)		0 (0)		30 (100)		1 (50)		22 (76)
Subcortical supratentorial	4 (10)		32 (94)		0 (0)		0 (0)		6 (21)
Infratentorial	4 (10)		2 (6)		0 (0)		1 (50)		1 (3)
COVID-19, n (%)
Yes	2 (5)		2 (6)		0 (0)		2 (100)		19 (65)
No	39 (95)		32 (94)		30 (100)		0 (0)		10 (35)
Risk factors, n (%)
Hypertension	40 (97)	0.001*	31 (91)	0.063	19 (63)	0.009*	0 (0)	0.098	19 (65)	0.026*
Diabetes Mellitus	12 (29)	0.627	11 (32)	0.308	5 (17)	0.198	0 (0)	0.860	8 (27)	0.824
Dyslipidemia	32 (78)	0.008*	25 (73)	0.084	11 (37)	0.002*	0 (0)	0.707	15 (52)	0.247
Smoking	19 (46)	0.001*	13 (38)	0.095	2 (7)	0.004*	0 (0)	0.854	3 (10)	0.021*
Hyperuricemia	3 (7)	0.430	1 (3)	0.680	1 (3)	1.000	0 (0)	0.944	2 (3)	0.641
Atrial Fibrillation	0 (0)	0.001	0 (0)	0.004	14 (47)	0.000*	0 (0)	0.898	7 (24)	0.155
Myocardial infarction	0 (0)	0.315	0 (0)	0.572	1 (3)	1.000	0 (0)	0.958	3 (10)	0.030*
Congestive heart failure	0 (0)	0.011	0 (0)	0.021	11 (37)	1.000	0 (0)	0.919	3 (10)	1.000
Hypercoagulation	1 (2)	0.001*	0 (0)	0.001*	1 (3)	0.010*	2 (100)	0.546	23 (79)	0.000*
Stroke history	23 (56)	0.203	14 (41)	0.372	15 (50)	0.784	0 (0)	0.129	13 (45)	0.718

Note: *Statistically significant.

Table 3 Comparison of Clinical Characteristic Between Ischemic Stroke with and without COVID-19 Infection

Characteristic	With COVID-19 (n=25)	Without COVID-19 (n=111)	p-value
Gender, n (%)
Male	16 (11.8)	64 (47.0)	0.56
Female	9 (6.6)	47 (34.6)
Age (years)	60.80 ± 8.94	57.72 ± 12.18	0.163
≥65 years	9 (6.6)	29 (21.3)
<65 years	16 (11.8)	82(60.3)
NIHSS admission	13 (3–23)	10 (3–28)	0.118
Mild	2 (1.5)	18 (13.2)
Moderate	14 (10.3)	69 (50.7)
Moderate-Severe	8 (5.9)	23 (16.9)
Severe	1 (0.7)	1 (0.7)
TOAST classification, n (%)
Large-artery Atherosclerosis	2 (1.5)	39 (28.7)
Small-vessel Occlusion	2 (1.5)	32 (23.5)
Cardioembolism	0 (0.0)	30 (22.0)
Other determined etiology	2 (1.5)	0 (0.0)
Undetermined etiology	19 (14.0)	10 (7.3)
Infarction lesion based on CT-Scan, n (%)
Cortical	16 (11.8)	70 (51.5)
Subcortical supratentorial	7 (5.1)	35 (25.7)
Infratentorial	2 (1.5)	6 (4.4)
Risk factors n (%)
Hypertension	15 (11.0)	94 (69.1)	0.010*
Diabetes Mellitus	5 (3.7)	31 (22.8)	0.417
Dyslipidemia	11 (8.1)	72 (53.0)	0.053
Smoking	2 (1.5)	35 (25.7)	0.017*
Hyperuricemia	1 (0.7)	6 (4.4)	1.000
Atrial Fibrillation	5 (3.7)	16 (11.8)	0.541
Myocardial infarction	2 (1.5)	2 (1.5)	0.154
Congestive heart failure	2 (1.5)	12 (8.8)	1.000
Stroke history	11 (8.1)	54 (39.7)	0.674
Hypercoagulation	21 (15.4)	6 (4.4)	0.000*

Note: *Statistically significant.