Serum Cortistatin Level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Relationship with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of All Subjects

Group	DM (n=90)		Non-DM (n=83)		P
	DM+NAFLD (n=56)	DM Only (n=34)	NAFLD Only (n=39)	NC (n=44)
Male/Female	43/13	25/9	28/11	18/26	0.001
Age (year)	47.61±12.12	50.70±13.10	54.10±13.14	51.73±7.82	0.086
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.70±3.90	24.52±5.69*	27.35±2.49	24.52±2.10*^▲	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	130 (119, 141)	124 (110, 146)	139 (119, 149)	122 (117, 130)	0.233
DBP (mmHg)	85.62±13.42	81.53±11.49	83.50±8.00	77.53±8.58*^▲	0.037
TBIL (µmol /L)	15.89±4.66	14.73±5.10	16.10±6.84	14.21±4.08	0.272
DBIL (µmol/L)	2.87±0.93	2.67±1.03	2.22±0.91*	2.03±0.61^#Δ	<0.001
IBIL (µmol/L)	13.40 (9.60, 15.52)	12.51 (8.17, 15.30)	12.53 (11.61, 15.42)	13.10 (9.81, 15.70)	0.555
ALT (IU/L)	22.70 (17.80, 44.63)	15.60 (12.10, 26.74)*^▲	31.04 (16.24, 37.37)	19.54 (11.03, 23.35)*^▲	<0.001
AST (IU/L)	21.50 (17.40, 31.61)	17.80 (13.70, 21.65)*	23.13 (20.33, 27.43)^Δ	19.65 (17.08, 22.34)	0.016
TC (mmol/L)	4.63 (3.84, 5.56)	4.63 (3.66, 5.74)	5.10 (4.64, 5.98)^#☆	5.20 (4.71, 5.89)^#☆	0.018
TG (mmol/L)	1.91 (1.33, 3.06)	1.45 (0.81, 2.14)*	1.75 (1.33, 1.97)^#☆	1.45 (1.13, 1.76)^#	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.93 (0.80, 1.01)	1.04 (0.9, 1.22)	1.14 (1.05, 1.34)^#☆	1.32 (1.24, 1.57)^#☆	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.03 (2.52, 3.61)	3.18 (2.33, 3.82)	1.65 (1.30, 1.92)^#☆	1.40 (1.13, 1.78)^#☆	<0.001
ApoA1 (g/L)	1.27±0.21	1.32±0.24	1.27±0.14	1.37±0.17	0.068
ApoB (g/L)	0.79 (0.68, 0.91)	0.88 (0.69, 1.01)	1.02 (0.92, 1.21)^#Δ	0.92 (0.80, 1.12)	<0.001
SUA (µmol/L)	336.81±100.50	324.63±114.81	368.92±124.13	294.53±65.65*^▲	0.005
CRP (pg/mL)	4739 (3161, 7717)	4455 (258, 7214)	2431 (1923, 3735)*^Δ	3056 (2173, 3987)*^Δ	0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	6.50 (5.90, 8.01)	7.28 (5.91, 8.02)	5.49 (5.13, 5.72)^#☆	5.08 (4.78, 5.34)^#☆	<0.001
FINS (µg/L)	8.20 (4.50, 13.39)	4.38 (2.03, 9.61)	9.90 (8.27, 12.65)*^☆	6.22 (5.51, 8.29)^▲	<0.001
C peptide (µg/mL)	2.15 (1.36, 3.05)	1.44 (0.87, 2.56)	2.38 (2.23, 2.95)^☆	1.82 (1.56, 1.96)^▲	<0.001
HOMA-IR	2.40 (1.26, 4.39)	1.29 (0.57, 2.81)*	2.51 (2.02, 3.24)*	1.44 (1.24, 1.99)^#★	<0.001
HOMA-β	53.23 (39.45, 91.42)	31.34 (11.23, 54.76)	98.56 (83.33, 164.01)^Δ	61.03 (65.24, 102.33)^Δ	0.036

Notes: Superscript symbols represent the significant result of analysis: VS DM+ NAFLD Group, *Means P<0.05, ^#Means P<0.01; VS DM only Group, ^ΔMeans P<0.05, ^☆Means P<0.01; VS NAFLD only Group, ^▲Means P<0.05, ^★Means p<0.01.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; IBIL, indirect bilirubin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA1, apolipoproteinA1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; SUA, serum uric acid; CRP, C-reactive protein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β, insulin cell function index.

Figure 1 Serum CST levels in four groups.

Note: *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Table 2 Correlation of Plasma CST with the Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics

	CST
	r	p
TC	−0.229**	0.003
HDL-C	0.194*	0.011
LDL-C	−0.214**	0.005
FPG	−0.159*	0.038
HOMA-IR	−0.151*	0.048
HOMA-β	−0.154*	0.047

Notes: Correlations were determined using Spearman correlation analysis. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Table 3 Using CST as the Dependent Variable to Perform Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

Model	B	SE	Beta	T	P	VIF
TC	7.299	9.455	0.123	0.772	0.441	4.549
HDL-C	46.327	35.041	0.111	1.322	0.188	1.288
LDL-C	−19.091	9.477	−0.172	−2.014	0.046*	1.327
FPG	−15.483	10.814	−0.176	−1.432	0.154	2.761
HOMA-IR	7.864	5.808	0.184	1.354	0.178	3.376
HOMA-β	−0.537	0.199	−0.330	−2.694	0.008**	2.732

Note: *P<0.05, **P<0.01.