Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Patients with Gallbladder Polyps: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart.

Table 1 Univariate Comparison Between the GBPs and Control Groups

	Overall (n=297)	GBPs Group (n=60)	Control Group (n=237)	P-value
Age	55.97±11.10	54.85±10.44	56.26±11.26	0.381
Gender				0.002
Male	179(60.3)	46(76.7)	133(56.1)
Female	118(39.7)	14(23.3)	104(43.9)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.97±3.20	25.35±2.97	23.62±3.17	<0.001
Smoking	64(21.5)	15(23.4)	49(20.7)	0.468
Alcohol	120(40.4)	27(45.0)	93(39.2)	0.418
SBP (mmHg)	127.42±12.40	130.38±12.05	126.68±12.40	0.038
DBP (mmHg)	75.05±9.56	77.68±8.64	74.38±9.68	0.017
Fatty liver	96(32.3)	34(56.6)	62(26.1)	<0.001
Gallstone diseases	25 (8.4)	5(8.4)	20(8.4)	0.979
Diabetes	45 (15.1)	12 (20.0)	33 (13.9)	0.241
MS	44(14.8)	14(23.3)	30(12.7)	0.038
SIBO-positive	103(34.6)	30(50.0)	73(30.8)	0.005
FG (mmol/L)	5.23±0.71	5.43±0.78	5.18±0.68	0.021
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.32±0.33	1.23±0.25	1.34±0.34	0.003
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.87±0.81	3.00±0.80	2.84±0.81	0.167
TG (mmol/L)	1.77±1.97	1.90±1.66	1.73±2.05	0.551
TC (mmol/L)	4.87±1.13	4.98±1.21	4.84±1.16	0.387
TBA (μmmol/L)	5.05±4.62	4.69±3.24	5.14±4.91	0.509
ALB (g/L)	40.46±3.23	41.10±3.02	40.29±3.27	0.084
ALT (U/L)	22.00±16.00	24.32±11.37	21.41±16.93	0.209
AST (U/L)	21.31±7.59	22.35±7.36	21.05±7.64	0.233
ALP (U/L)	78.12±25.63	74.87±21.84	78.84±26.48	0.272
DBIL (μmmol/L)	2.73±1.07	2.73±0.81	2.73±1.13	0.987
TBIL (μmmol/L)	12.20±6.01	12.69±4.43	12.08±6.36	0.486
γ-GT (U/L)	30.92±35.43	38.33±30.11	28.95±36.53	0.068

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SIBO, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MS, metabolic syndrome; FG, fasting glucose; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; TBA, total bile acids; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; DBIL, direct bilirubin; TBIL, total bilirubin; γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.

Figure 2 The prevalence of SIBO: comparison between GBPs and control groups, single and multiple polyps groups.

Table 2 Univariate Comparison Between the Single and Multiple Polyps Groups

	Single Polyps (n=25)	Multiple Polyps (n=35)	P-value
Age	57.68±10.09	52.83±10.35	0.076
Gender			0.180
Male	17 (68.0)	29 (82.8)
Female	8 (32.0)	6 (17.2)
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.32±2.60	25.37±3.24	0.946
Smoking	6 (24.0)	9 (25.7)	0.880
Alcohol	9 (36.0)	18 (51.4)	0.236
Fatty liver	13 (52.0)	21 (60.0)	0.538
Diabetes	7 (28.0)	5 (14.2)	0.190
MS	9 (36.0)	5 (14.2)	0.050
Gallstone diseases	6 (24.0)	1 (2.8)	0.017
SIBO-positive	18 (72.0)	12 (34.2)	0.004
SBP	132.96±12.14	129.26±12.04	0.396
DBP	77.16±9.37	78.06±8.19	0.695
FG (mmol/L)	5.77±0.77	5.20±0.70	0.004
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.20±0.19	1.24±0.28	0.503
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.96±0.75	3.03±0.86	0.745
TG (mmol/L)	2.25±2.37	1.66±0.83	0.244
TC (mmol/L)	5.04±1.40	4.93±1.06	0.729
TBA (μmmol/L)	3.96±3.00	5.21±3.35	0.142
ALB (g/L)	40.53±2.96	41.51±3.05	0.220
ALT (U/L)	22.38±10.59	25.70±11.85	0.268
AST (U/L)	22.20±7.77	22.46±7.15	0.894
ALP (U/L)	77.13±23.23	73.25±21.00	0.503
DBIL (μmmol/L)	2.83±0.88	2.66±0.77	0.424
TBIL (μmmol/L)	13.42±4.75	12.16±4.19	0.284
γ-GT (U/L)	38.96±40.01	37.87±21.04	0.892

Table 3 Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with GBPs

Variables	OR	95% CI	p-value
Male	2.26	1.12–4.57	0.023
SIBO	3.21	1.69–6.11	<0.001
Fatty liver	2.91	1.50–5.64	0.002
BMI	1.13	1.01–1.26	0.035

Notes: Data were adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, gallstone diseases, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and total cholesterol.

Table 4 Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Single Polyps

Variables	OR	95% CI	p-value
SIBO	5.11	1.42–18.36	0.012
Fasting glucose	3.04	1.27–7.28	0.013

Notes: Data were adjusted for age, gender, smoking, alcohol, BMI, fatty liver, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, gallstone diseases, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and total cholesterol.

Table 5 Subgroup Analysis for Association Between SIBO and GBPs Stratified by Sex, Age and BMI

Subgroups	OR	95% CI	p-value
Age
<60	4.76	1.93–11.74	0.002
≥60	2.71	1.10–6.66	0.030
p for interaction			0.696
Sex
Male	2.30	1.12–4.73	0.024
Female	3.87	1.07–14.05	0.039
p for interaction			<0.001
BMI
<25	4.92	1.86–13.01	0.001
≥25	1.17	0.40–3.43	0.771
p for interaction			0.218