Effect of Interventional Therapy Unexplained Dizziness and Relationship Between Dizziness Handicap Inventory and Right-to-Left Shunt Grading

Figures & data

Table 1 Patient Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at Baseline

Groups/ Variables	Unexplained Dizziness	Explained Dizziness	Healthy Controls	t/χ^2	p value
Sex (female, %)	79 (59.85%)	61 (49.59%)	70 (53.03%)	2.821	0.244
Age (mean±SD)	41.14±14.06	56.23±12.17	39.33±8.85	118.598^●	0.000
RLS (%)	79 (59.85%)	34 (27.64%)	32 (24.24%)	43.14	0.000
DHI	36.83±11.40	37.89±12.45	–	−0.715	0.475

Notes: All values retain the last three decimal places. -, not available; ●, Mann–Whitney U-test.

Abbreviations: RLS, right-to-left shunt; DHI, dizziness handicap inventory score.

Table 2 Right-to-Left Shunt and Grading in Patients from Different Groups

Groups/ Variables	RLS+ (%)	RLS Grading				DHI	χ^2	p value
		Negative	Mild	Moderate	Massive
Unexplained dizziness	79(59.85)	53(40.15)	19(24.05)	11(13.92)	49(62.03)	36.83±11.40	31.398	0.000
Explained dizziness	34(27.64)	89(72.36)	14(41.18)	7(20.59)	13(38.23)	37.89±12.45	1.419	0.701
Healthy controls	32(24.24)	100(75.76)	17(53.13)	6(18.75)	9(28.12)	–	43.606	0.000
t/χ^2	43.14	57.194				1.53	–
p value	0.000	0.000				0.128

Notes: All values retain the last three decimal places. -, not available.

Abbreviations: RLS, right-to-left shunt; DHI, dizziness handicap inventory score.

Figure 1 The DHI scores in patient with unexplained dizziness and explained dizziness.

Figure 2 (A) The Spearman correlation coefficient of RLS grading and DHI scores in unexplained dizziness patients. (B) The Spearman correlation coefficient of RLS grading and DHI scores in explained dizziness.

Table 3 Comparison of Treatment in Large Amount Grading Group

Groups	Baseline (Age)	Baseline (Female)	Baseline (DHI)	6 Months (DHI)	T-test
					t	p value
Percutaneous PFO Closure	46.52±13.67	14 (56%)	37.44±10.39	1.84±2.70	17.712	0.000
Medication Treatment	49.25±13.35	14 (58.33%)	38.92±8.63	29.67±10.61	4.49	0.000
t/χ^2	−0.718	0.027	−0.54	−12.466
p value	0.476	0.869	0.592	0.000

Abbreviations: PFO, patent foramen ovale; DHI, dizziness handicap inventory.

Table 4 The Treatment Effect Estimates in Large Amount Grading Group

Groups	Mean ± SD (DHI)	MD (95% CI) (DHI)	T-test
			t	p value
Percutaneous PFO Closure	35.6±10.05	26.35 (20.71–31.99)	9.157	0.000
Medication Treatment	9.25±10.09

Abbreviations: PFO, patent foramen ovale; MD, Mean Difference; SD, Standard Deviation; CI, Confidence Intervals (Lower Limit-Upper Limit).

Figure 3 Box plots of raw data for DHI at baseline and six months. Data are median (central line), interquartile range (box margins), adjacent values (whiskers), and outliers (dots).