Post-Acute SARS-CoV-2 Symptoms are Fewer, Less Intense Over Time in People Treated with Mono-Clonal Antibodies for Acute Infection

Figures & data

Table 1 Full Cohort Comparison of mAb versus Non-mAb Study Participants

	mAb (102)	Non-mAb (221)	p-values
	Mean ±SD or N (%)	Mean ±SD or N (%)
Age, years	55.7 ± 14.1	51.3 ± 15.9	0.0184*
Male	54 (52.9%)	99 (44.8%)	0.1963
Non-Hispanic white	50 (49.0%)	102 (46.6%)	0.6830
Non-Hispanic black	19 (18.6%)	38 (17.4%)	0.7806
Hispanic	18 (17.6%)	59 (26.9%)	0.0694
Asian	10 (9.8%)	16 (7.3%)	0.4450
Other race	1 (1.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0.2622
Employed	4 (3.9%)	4 (1.8%)	0.9707
College degree	65 (64.4%)	127 (64.1%)	0.5206
Married	56 (56.6%)	101 (52.6%)	0.0203*
Group living	2 (2.0%)	9 (4.7%)	0.2552
Body Mass Index	32.7 ± 9.3	30.5 ± 7.8	0.1337
Exercise ≥30 min ≥3/week	54 (55.1%)	100 (50.0%)	0.4077
Anxiety	18 (17.6%)	21 (9.5%)	0.9573
Arthritis	21 (20.6%)	33 (14.9%)	0.0368*
Asthma	8 (7.8%)	14 (6.3%)	0.2054
Coronary artery disease	20 (19.6%)	32 (14.5%)	0.6170
Cancer	3 (2.9%)	8 (3.6%)	0.2437
Congestive heart failure	2 (2.0%)	19 (8.6%)	0.7546
Chronic kidney disease	6 (5.9%)	22 (10.0%)	0.0245*
Chronic liver disease	18 (17.6%)	21 (9.5%)	0.2266
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	7 (6.9%)	8 (3.6%)	0.1980
Depression	16 (15.7%)	36 (16.3%)	0.8909
Diabetes	23 (22.5%)	51 (23.1%)	0.9164
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	16 (15.7%)	40 (18.1%)	0.5944
Hypertension	50 (49.0%)	77 (34.8%)	0.0153*
Hyperlipidemia	51 (50.0%)	68 (30.8%)	0.0009 ‡
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	6 (5.9%)	15 (6.8%)	0.7591
Sleep apnea	17 (16.7%)	22 (10.0%)	0.0853
Stroke	3 (2.9%)	11 (5.0%)	0.4035
Thyroid disease	15 (14.7%)	27 (12.2%)	0.5365
Time since COVID diagnosis, days	120.5 ± 55.1	195.6 ± 88.9	0.0000 ‡
Received treatment for COVID	85 (92.4%)	94 (57.3%)	0.0000 ‡
Received antivirals	4 (4.0%)	25 (12.3%)	0.0226*
Number of days sick with COVID	16.8 ± 20.4	24.5 ± 31.2	0.0396*
Needed oxygen support (including at home)	14 (13.9%)	69 (33.7%)	0.0002 ‡
Was on a ventilator	0 (0.0%)	13 (6.3%)	0.0097 †
Had no difficulties during COVID	24 (23.8%)	43 (21.0%)	0.5794
Less exercise/activity PASC	37 (37.4%)	90 (46.4%)	0.1407
Worse diet/eating habits PASC	19 (19.4%)	38 (19.5%)	0.9838
Worse weight PASC	19 (19.6%)	52 (27.5%)	0.1419
Worse sleep PASC	35 (37.2%)	72 (38.1%)	0.8881

Notes: Significant difference level: *.05, †.01, ‡.001.

Abbreviations: N, number of subjects; SD, standard deviation; %, percent; mAb, monoclonal antibody treatment; COVID, SARS-CoV-2; PASC, post-acute SARS-CoV-2.

Table 2 Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) of Non-mAb and mAb Treated PASC Study Participants Over Time

Non-mAb	Baseline (B)	Month 6 (M6)	B-M6
	Mean ±SD	Mean ±SD	p-value
FACIT-F Physical Well-being (0–28, higher better)	22.4 ± 5.4	22.7 ± 5.5	0.4182
FACIT-F Emotional Well-being (0–24, higher better)	18.5 ± 5.2	19.5 ± 4.3	0.0802
FACIT-F Social Well-being (0–28, higher better)	18.5 ± 6.3	19.6 ± 6.0	0.5892
FACIT-F Functional Well-being (0–28, higher better)	18.0 ± 6.3	19.0 ± 6.4	0.0124*
Fatigue Scale (0–52, higher better)	36.4 ± 12.1	38.0 ± 1.7	0.0513
FACIT-F Total (0–160, higher better)	113.7 ± 28.1	118.8 ± 0.4	0.0142*
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (27–0, higher worse)	5.73 ± 5.91	5.08 ± 0.55	0.1635
Post SARS-CoV-2 Cognitive Questions (1–5, higher better)	3.79 ± 0.89	3.77 ± 0.87	0.9140
EQ5D Index Score (0–1, higher better)	0.784 ± 0.193	0.853 ± 0.137	0.0002 ‡
EQ5D Health Score (0–100, higher better)	74.8 ± 30.7	78.8 ± 16.3	0.0043 †
mAb	Baseline (B)	Month 6 (M6)	B-M6
	Mean ±SD	Mean ±SD	p-values
FACIT-F Physical Well-being (0–28, higher better)	23.8 ± 5.2	24.5 ± 3.6	0.8738
FACIT-F Emotional Well-being (0–24, higher better)	19.9 ± 4.2	20.4 ± 3.6	0.9160
FACIT-F Social Well-being (0–28, higher better)	19.8 ± 5.8	18.8 ± 6.7	0.9018
FACIT-F Functional Well-being (0–28, higher better)	19.4 ± 5.3	19.8 ± 4.3	0.8005
Fatigue Scale (0–52, higher better)	39.0 ± 11.2	40.3 ± 9.4	0.5449
FACIT-F Total (0–160, higher better)	121.6 ± 26.9	123.7 ± 18.0	0.8700
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (27–0, higher worse)	4.95 ± 5.32	4.05 ± 4.55	0.9946
Post SARS-CoV-2 Cognitive Questions (1–5, higher better)	3.97 ± 0.88	3.79 ± 0.90	0.1882
EQ5D Index Score (0–1, higher better)	0.842 ± 0.157	0.838 ± 0.146	0.4962
EQ5D Health Score (0–100, higher better)	76.1 ± 19.9	71.9 ± 22.1	0.1030

Notes: Significant difference level: *.05, †.01, ‡.001.

Abbreviations: PASC, post-acute SARS-CoV-2; mAb, monoclonal antibody treatment; non-mAb, no mAb received; B-M6, baseline to 6-month comparison; SD, standard deviation; FACIT-F, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy- Fatigue; EQ5D, EuroQOL-5D health status measure.

Table 3 Baseline Comparison of Symptoms Over Time by mAb and Non-mAb^a

		Baseline (B)			Month 6 (M6)
	mAb	Non-mAb	p-values	mAb	Non-mAb	p-values
	Mean ±SD or N (%)	Mean ±SD or N (%)		Mean ±SD or N (%)	Mean ±SD or N (%)
Number of Symptoms	1.06 ± 1.31	1.78 ± 2.15	0.0177*	0.911 ± 1.276	1.75 ± 2.22	0.0427*
B-M6 Symptom Decrease				−0.333 ± 0.127	−0.330 ± 0.069	0.8293
				p=0.0088 †	p<0.0001 ‡
Any Symptoms	52 (53.1%)	126 (62.1%)	0.1363	21 (46.7%)	63 (59.4%)	0.1486
Acute Myocardial Infarction	0 (0.0%)	8 (3.9%)	0.0464*	0 (0.0%)	4 (3.8%)	0.1866
Appetite	1 (1.0%)	6 (3.0%)	0.2965	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.9%)	0.5133
Bowel	0 (0.0%)	4 (2.0%)	0.1618	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.9%)	0.3536
Confusion	1 (1.0%)	3 (1.5%)	0.7454	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.9%)	0.5133
Cough	6 (6.1%)	6 (3.0%)	0.1882	2 (4.4%)	3 (2.8%)	0.6121
Difficulty Sleeping	4 (4.1%)	6 (3.0%)	0.6095	1 (2.2%)	3 (2.8%)	0.8315
Dizziness	1 (1.0%)	2 (1.0%)	0.9770	1 (2.2%)	2 (1.9%)	0.8925
Fatigue	22 (22.4%)	39 (19.2%)	0.5127	9 (20.0%)	23 (21.7%)	0.8153
Mild Fatigue	8 (38.1%)	16 (41.0%)	0.8251	1 (11.1%)	9 (40.9%)	0.1072
Moderate Fatigue	10 (47.6%)	17 (43.6%)	0.7648	4 (44.4%)	8 (36.4%)	0.6750
Severe Fatigue	3 (14.3%)	6 (15.4%)	0.9095	0 (0.0%)	4 (18.2%)	0.1705
Fever	1 (1.0%)	2 (1.0%)	0.9770	1 (2.2%)	1 (0.9%)	0.5295
Headache	2 (2.0%)	24 (11.8%)	0.0046 †	1 (2.2%)	9 (8.5%)	0.1566
Heart Rate	1 (1.0%)	6 (3.0%)	0.2965	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.9%)	0.5133
Heartburn	0 (0.0%)	4 (2.0%)	0.1618	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.9%)	0.3536
Joint Pain	3 (3.1%)	8 (3.9%)	0.7031	1 (2.2%)	5 (4.7%)	0.4729
Smell	7 (7.1%)	24 (11.8%)	0.2107	2 (4.4%)	11 (10.4%)	0.2345
Memory	11 (11.2%)	38 (18.7%)	0.0989	6 (13.3%)	23 (21.7%)	0.2327
Muscle Weakness	2 (2.0%)	4 (2.0%)	0.9674	1 (2.2%)	2 (1.9%)	0.8925
Myalgia	1 (1.0%)	2 (1.0%)	0.9770	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.9%)	0.3536
Nasal	2 (2.0%)	2 (1.0%)	0.4536	2 (4.4%)	4 (3.8%)	0.8469
Nausea	3 (3.1%)	4 (2.0%)	0.5563	0 (0.0%)	6 (5.7%)	0.1034
Other Cardiac	4 (4.1%)	11 (5.4%)	0.6174	0 (0.0%)	5 (4.7%)	0.1384
Other Genito-urinary	2 (2.0%)	10 (4.9%)	0.2306	2 (4.4%)	11 (10.4%)	0.2345
Other Miscellany	6 (6.1%)	26 (12.8%)	0.0779	2 (4.4%)	8 (7.5%)	0.4831
Other Mood	3 (3.1%)	17 (8.4%)	0.0829	1 (2.2%)	14 (13.2%)	0.0390*
Other Muscle	2 (2.0%)	25 (12.3%)	0.0035 †	3 (6.7%)	12 (11.3%)	0.3818
Other Neurological	6 (6.1%)	25 (12.3%)	0.0976	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.9%)	0.3536
Pruritis	1 (1.0%)	3 (1.5%)	0.7454	1 (2.2%)	11 (10.4%)	0.0901
Rash	3 (3.1%)	20 (9.9%)	0.0377*	5 (11.1%)	16 (15.1%)	0.5176
Shortness of Breath	9 (9.2%)	28 (13.8%)	0.2538	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.9%)	0.5133
Sore Throat	0 (0.0%)	4 (2.0%)	0.1618	0.911 ± 1.276	1.75 ± 2.22	0.0427

Notes: ^aSee Supplemental Table 1 for Symptom Category Descriptions; Significant difference level: * 0.05, † 0.01, ‡ 0.001.

Abbreviations: mAb, monoclonal antibody treatment; non-mAb, no mAb received; B-M6, change over time between baseline and 6 months, N, number of subjects; SD, standard deviation; %, percent.

Table 4 Timepoints of Comparison of mAb and Non-mAb Cohorts by Patient-Reported Outcomes

		Baseline			Month 6
	mAb	Non-mAb	p-value	mAb	Non-mAb	p-value
	Mean ±SD	Mean ±SD		Mean ±SD	Mean ±SD
2 Minute Walk Distance	−5.85 ± 27.23	4.77 ± 25.16	0.3999	−4.28 ± 16.87	3.20 ± 15.94	0.5952
Grip Strength (kilogram)	−25.2 ± 15.2	−14.0 ± 25.9	0.1382	−22.1 ± 24.2	−12.7 ± 21.8	0.5340
FACIT-F Physical Well-being	23.8 ± 5.2	22.4 ± 5.4	0.0679	24.5 ± 3.6	22.7 ± 5.5	0.2326
FACIT-F Emotional Well-being	19.9 ± 4.2	18.5 ± 5.2	0.1004	20.4 ± 3.6	19.5 ± 4.3	0.5129
FACIT-F Social Well-being	19.8 ± 5.8	18.5 ± 6.3	0.2891	18.8 ± 6.7	19.6 ± 6.0	0.6968
FACIT-F Functional Well-being	19.4 ± 5.3	18.0 ± 6.3	0.2206	19.8 ± 4.3	19.0 ± 6.4	0.8477
FACIT-F Fatigue Scale	39.0 ± 11.2	36.4 ± 12.1	0.3142	40.3 ± 9.4	38.0 ± 11.7	0.6581
FACIT-F Total	121.6 ± 26.9	113.7 ± 28.1	0.1008	123.7 ± 18.0	118.8 ± 28.4	0.8605
Patient Health Questionnaire-9	4.95 ± 5.32	5.73 ± 5.91	0.6417	4.05 ± 4.55	5.08 ± 5.55	0.5735
Post SARS-CoV-2 Cognitive Questions	3.97 ± 0.88	3.79 ± 0.89	0.1838	3.79 ± 0.90	3.77 ± 0.87	0.9353
Edmonton Symptom Assessment- Physical	1.77 ± 1.65	2.06 ± 1.85	0.4797
Edmonton Symptom Assessment- Emotional	1.02 ± 1.55	2.30 ± 2.79	0.0334*
Edmonton Symptom Assessment- Total	1.60 ± 1.60	2.26 ± 1.87	0.0868
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7	1.55 ± 3.31	3.49 ± 4.26	0.0342*
Stigma	4.57 ± 3.98	4.98 ± 4.37	0.7081
Distress Thermometer	1.82 ± 2.38	2.85 ± 2.93	0.1407
EQ5D Index Score	0.842 ± 0.157	0.784 ± 0.193	0.0121 †	0.838 ± 0.146	0.853 ± 0.137	0.6679
EQ5D Health Score	76.1 ± 19.9	74.8 ± 30.7	0.2172	71.9 ± 22.1	78.8 ± 16.3	0.1269

Notes: Significant difference level: * 05, †.01.

Abbreviations: mAb, monoclonal antibody treatment; non-mAb, no mAb received; SD, standard deviation; FACIT-F, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy- Fatigue; EQ5D, EuroQOL-5D health status measure.