Risk Factors for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Multi-Center Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease

Variables	Experiment Group (n=240)	Control Group (n=260)	P value
Gender
Male (n, %)	132 (55.0)	140 (53.8)	0.480
Age, median (IQR), years	59.2±12.3	61.7±11.9	0.105
BMI (kg/m²)	27.40±4.8	23.50±2.1	<0.001*
SBP (mmHg)	150.8±18.5	139.2±11.4	<0.001*
DBP (mmHg)	84.4±9.8	84.1±9.2	0.138
Diabetic duration (years)	9.2±3.4	8.9±2.9	0.172
Comorbidities (n, %)
Hypertension	176 (73.3%)	180 (69.2%)	0.484
Cardiovascular diseases	66 (27.5%)	75 (28.8%)	0.798
Personal history (n, %)
Smoking	105 (43.8%)	113 (43.5%)	0.954
Drinking	84 (35.0%)	85 (32.7%)	0.715
Treatment (n, %)
ACEI or ARB agents	123 (51.2%)	126 (48.5%)	0.944
Hypoglycemic agents	222 (92.5%)	240 (92.3%)	0.320
Lipid-lowering agents	153 (63.7%)	163 (62.7%)	0.837
β blocking agents	160 (66.7%)	156 (60.0%)	0.107

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; ACEI, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, Angiotensin receptor blockers.

Table 2 Laboratory Findings of Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease

Variables	Reference values	Experiment Group (n=240)	Control Group (n=260)	P value
Hb (g/L)	110–160	135.36±12.45	143.27±16.56	0.548
WBC (×10^9/L)	3.5–9.5	5.32±2.15	5.19±1.98	0.819
PLT (×10^9/L)	125–350	298.4±78.6	292.5±69.4	0.802
LDL (mmol/L)	1.81–3.42	3.45±1.12	2.85±0.76	<0.001*
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	0.56–1.7	1.81±0.72	1.78±0.65	0.174
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.1–5.2	5.51±2.16	5.42±1.98	0.204
High density lipoprotein (mmol/L)	1.04–1.55	0.81 ±0.25	0.79±0.22	0.185
Serum phosphate (mmol/L)	0.81–1.45	0.88±0.34	0.85±0.38	0.239
HbAlc (%)	4.0–6.0	6.7 (5.5, 7.9)	6.5 (5.1, 7.5)	0.104
24 h-Upro (g)	0–0.15	1.85±0.65	1.23±0.46	<0.001*
CRP (mg/L)	0.0–8.0	6.83±2.84	7.11±2.59	0.795
ALB (g/L)	1.20–2.40	37.44±9.55	36.52±8.89	0.658
Scr (μmol/L)	58–110	72.51±18.25	74.19±16.58	0.917
Serum uric acid (μmol/L)	208–420	418.4 (258.4, 456.9)	405.7 (262.3, 462.1)	0.335
Serum calcium (mmol/L)	2.11–2.52	2.11±0.25	2.23±0.31	0.226
Serum phosphorus (mmol/L)	0.8–0.1.4	1.22±0.41	1.19±0.37	0.459
iPTH (pg/mL)	15–75	82.7 (62.7, 96.5)	73.6 (58.4, 82.3)	<0.001*
Vitamin D 25 (ng/mL)	30–100	52.5 (34.6, 69.3)	55.6 (29.8, 72.1)	0.248
LVMI (g/m2)	50–95	128.8 (113.4, 147.1)	78.1 (62.6, 88.7)	0.241

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: Hb, Hemoglobin; WBC, White blood cells; PLT, Platelets; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbAlc, HemoglobinA1c; CRP, C-reactive protein; ALB, Albumin; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; 24h-Upro, 24-hour urine proteins; LVMI, left ventricular mass index.

Table 3 Results of Multivariate Analysis for LVH in DKD Patients

Variables	P	OR	95% CI
SBP	0.084	0.883	0.767–1.017
BMI	0.006*	1.332	1.016–1.537
iPTH	0.247	0.948	0.865–1.038
24h-Upro	0.016*	1.446	1.104–1.643
LDL	0.014*	1.279	1.008–1.369

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: SBP, Systolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; 24h-Upro, 24-hour urine proteins; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Table 4 AUC of the Laboratory Findings for LVH in DKD Patients

Variables	AUC	Sensitivity	Specificity	P values	Optimal Cutoff Point
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.963 (0.895–0.986)	89.5%	78.3%	<0.001*	27.36
LDL (mmol/L)	0.957 (0.883–0.972)	88.2%	79.7%	<0.001*	4.18
24 h-Upro (g)	0.921 (0.872–0.943)	90.2%	80.3%	<0.001*	1.42

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; 24h-Upro, 24-hour urine proteins.

Figure 1 ROC curves of various indicators for LVH in DKD patients.