Association Between Alcohol Expectancy and Drinking Behaviors in Summer Vacation and Last Year Among College Students

Figures & data

Table 1 The Classification of Related Variables

Variables	Classification
Basic demographic information
Gender	Male, Female
Grade	Low (freshman and sophomore/1-2 grades)
	High (junior and senior/3-5 grades)
Residence	Urban, Rural
Siblings	Yes (≥1), No (0)
Parents’ marital status	Married, Divorced, Widowed
Drinking influencing factors
Age at first drink (years old)	None, <12, 12–15, 16–18, >18
Father drinking	Yes, No
Mother drinking	Yes, No
Parents drinking	Yes, No
Alcohol expectancy
Negative expectancy	The mean value of the five items (continuity variable)
Positive expectancy	The mean value of the four items (continuity variable)
Drinking behaviour
Drinking last one year	Yes (≥1 standard drink at any time), No
Summer vacation drinking	Yes (≥1 standard drink from July to August), No
Binge drinking	Yes (more than 5/4 standard drink within 2 hours), No
Drunkenness	Yes, No
Drinking patterns (in Chinese standard)	None drinking
	Occasional drinker (1–4 standard drink a month)
	Light drinker (5–6 standard drink a month)
	Moderate drinker (7–9 standard drink a month, continuous)
	Heavy drinker (>10 standard drink a month, continuous)

Table 2 Alcohol Expectancy and Basic Demographics in Study Population (N = 487)

Variables	N (%)	Negative Expectancy			Positive Expectancy
		(SD*)	t/F*	P	(SD*)	t/F	P
Gender
Male	172(35.32)	3.10(0.89)	−3.097	0.002	2.77(0.68)	3.396	0.001
Female	315(64.68)	3.35(0.85)			2.56(0.64)
Grade level
Low	211(43.33)	3.24(0.79)	−0.442	0.658	2.62(0.64)	−0.318	0.750
High	276(56.67)	3.28(0.93)			2.64(0.68)
Residence
Urban	270(55.44)	3.30(0.85)	0.223	0.823	2.61(0.63)	−0.117	0.907
Rural	217(44.56)	3.22(0.89)			2.66(0.70)
Parental marital status
Married	446(91.58)	3.28(0.88)	0.585	0.558	2.64(0.65)	1.128	0.277
Divorced	32(6.57)	3.16(0.75)			2.46(0.77)
Widowed	9(1.85)	3.04(0.61)			2.74(0.61)
Siblings
Yes	186(38.19)	3.15(0.93)	−0.223	0.823	2.65(0.68)	−0.117	0.907
No	301(61.81)	3.34(0.83)			2.62(0.65)
Father drinking
Yes	341(70.02)	3.20(0.89)	−2.486	0.013	2.69(0.66)	3.278	0.001
No	146(29.98)	3.41(0.81)			2.48(0.65)
Mother drinking
Yes	102(20.94)	2.96(0.89)	−4.044	<0.001	2.72(0.68)	1.567	0.118
No	385(79.06)	3.34(0.85)			2.61(0.65)
Parents drinking
Only one1	251(51.54)	3.30(0.86)	8.994	<0.001	2.65(0.65)	4.854	0.008
Both 2	96(19.71)	2.95(0.90)			2.76(0.67)
Neither3	140(28.75)	3.42(0.81)			2.50(0.65)
AFD (years old)
None	67(13.76)	3.40(0.89)	1.113	0.350	2.25(0.61)	11.540	<0.001
<12	85(17.45)	3.20(0.94)			2.89(0.67)
12~15	114(23.41)	3.18(0.89)			2.71(0.60)
16~18	142(29.16)	3.24(0.80)			2.68(0.66)
>18	79(16.22)	3.38(0.87)			2.47(0.61)

Notes: *The independent sample t-test was used when the dependent variable was two-classified variable, and the one-way ANOVA was used when the dependent variable was multi-classified (>2) variable, and the post-test was carried out. A test for homogeneity of variance would be carried out before all other tests.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Alcohol Expectancy and Drinking Behaviours in Study Population (N = 487)

Variables	N(%)	Negative Expectancy			Positive Expectancy
		(SD)	t/F	P	(SD)	t/F	P
Drinking
Yes	420(86.24)	3.24(0.87)	1.369	0.172	2.69(0.65)	−5.482	<0.001
No	67(13.76)	3.40(0.89)			2.25(0.61)
Drinking last one year
Yes	308(63.24)	3.16(0.87)	3.487	0.001	2.79(0.62)	−7.442	<0.001
No	179(36.76)	3.44(0.84)			2.35(0.63)
Binge drinking last one year
Yes	113(23.20)	3.04(0.87)	3.070	0.002	2.88(0.62)	−4.761	<0.001
No	374(76.80)	3.33(0.86)			2.56(0.65)
Drunkenness last one year
Yes	127(26.08)	3.17(0.82)	1.429	0.154	2.87(0.57)	−4.792	<0.001
No	360(73.92)	3.30(0.89)			2.55(0.67)
Drinking patterns last one year
None drinking1	179(36.76)	3.44(0.84)	8.282	<0.001	2.35(0.63)	16.695	<0.001
Occasional drinkers2	193(39.63)	3.27(0.91)			2.71(0.59)
Light drinkers3	75(15.40)	2.99(0.69)			2.91(0.57)
Moderate drinkers4	35(7.19)	3.11(0.84)			2.93(0.83)
Heavy drinkers5	5(1.03)	1.73(0.43)			3.25(0.39)
Summer drinking
Yes	144(29.57)	2.91(0.87)	5.959	<0.001	2.80(0.66)	−3.883	<0.001
No	343(70.43)	3.41(0.83)			2.56(0.65)
Summer Binge drinking
Yes	41(8.42)	2.89(0.82)	3.301	0.001	3.00(0.65)	3.756	<0.001
No	446(91.58)	3.30(0.87)			2.60(0.65)
Summer Drunkenness
Yes	40(8.21)	2.95(0.92)	2.249	0.029	2.86(0.74)	−2.353	0.019
No	447(91.79)	3.29(0.86)			2.61(0.65)
Summer Drinking patterns
None drinking1	343(70.43)	3.44(0.84)	9.990	<0.001	2.35(0.63)	6.828	<0.001
Occasional drinkers2	92(18.89)	3.27(0.91)			2.71(0.59)
Light drinkers3	35(7.19)	2.99(0.69)			2.91(0.57)
Moderate drinkers4	12(2.46)	3.11(0.84)			2.93(0.83)
Heavy drinkers5	5(1.03)	1.73(0.43)			3.25(0.39)

Notes: The independent sample t-test was used when the dependent variable was two-classified variable, and the one-way ANOVA was used when the dependent variable was multi-classified (>2) variable, and the post-test was carried out. A test for homogeneity of variance would be carried out before all other tests.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 4 Association Between Alcohol Expectancy and Drinking Situation: Logistic Regression Analysis (N = 487)

Model*		Drinking Last One Year			Summer Vacation Drinking
		OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
Model 1	Negative expectancy	0.932	0.717–1.210	0.595	0.556	0.457–0.770	<0.001
	Positive expectancy	1.957	1.491–2.569	<0.001	1.411	1.138–1.748	0.002
Model 2	Negative expectancy	0.970	0.732–1.284	0.830	0.585	0.468–0.731	<0.001
	Positive expectancy	1.960	1.468–2.617	<0.001	1.317	1.054–1.647	0.016
Model 3	Negative expectancy	0.967	0.731–1.279	0.815	0.578	0.461–0.725	<0.001
	Positive expectancy	2.203	1.507–2.716	<0.001	1.339	1.070–1.677	0.011
Model 4	Negative expectancy	0.973	0.731–1.293	0.849	0.608	0.477–0.776	<0.001
	Positive expectancy	2.010	1.494–2.705	<0.001	1.121	0.881–1.426	0.354

Notes: *Model 1 was a crude model, and the independent variable only contained alcohol expectancy. Other models were all adjusted models. The independent variables of model 2 were added with gender, grade level and residence on the basis of model 1. The independent variables of model 3 were added with parental marital status and sibling situation on the basis of model 2. The independent variables of model 4 were added with AFD and parents’ drinking situation on the basis of model 3.

Table 5 Association Between Alcohol Expectancy and Binge Drinking: Logistic Regression Analysis (N = 487)

Model*		Binge Drinking Last One Year			Summer Vacation Binge Drinking
		OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
Model 1	Negative expectancy	0.736	0.588–0.920	0.007	0.609	0.433–0.855	0.004
	Positive expectancy	1.685	1.328–2.137	<0.001	1.847	1.293–2.638	0.001
Model 2	Negative expectancy	0.800	0.626–1.022	0.075	0.633	0.443–0.902	0.012
	Positive expectancy	1.544	1.196–1.933	0.001	1.710	1.186–2.466	0.004
Model 3	Negative expectancy	0.783	0.609–1.006	0.056	0.633	0.443–0.904	0.012
	Positive expectancy	1.559	1.204–2.018	0.001	1.756	1.220–2.528	0.002
Model 4	Negative expectancy	0.822	0.628–1.074	0.151	0.686	0.473–0.997	0.048
	Positive expectancy	1.411	1.071–1.860	0.014	1.659	1.129–2.438	0.010

Notes: *Model 1 was a crude model, and the independent variable only contained alcohol expectancy. Other models were all adjusted models. The independent variables of model 2 were added with gender, grade level and residence on the basis of model 1. The independent variables of model 3 were added with parental marital status and sibling situation on the basis of model 2. The independent variables of model 4 were added with AFD and parents’ drinking situation on the basis of model 3.

Table 6 Association Between Alcohol Expectancy and Drinking Patterns: Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis (N = 487)

Model (Reference=None)*			Drinking Last One Year			Summer Vacation Drinking
			OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
Occasional	Crude model	Negative expectancy	0.864	0.694–1.076	0.192	0.603	0.473–0.768	<0.001
		Positive expectancy	1.791	1.423–2.255	<0.001	1.171	0.915–1.498	0.0210
	Adjusted model	Negative expectancy	0.833	0.641–1.082	0.172	0.616	0.469–0.809	<0.001
		Positive expectancy	1.639	1.246–2.155	<0.001	0.959	0.731–1.258	0.762
Light	Crude model	Negative expectancy	0.621	0.461–0.836	0.002	0.525	0.359–0.766	0.001
		Positive expectancy	2.539	1.838–3.508	<0.001	1.868	1.261–2.768	0.002
	Adjusted model	Negative expectancy	0.627	0.439–0.896	0.010	0.591	0.394–0.888	0.011
		Positive expectancy	2.284	1.556–3.351	<0.001	1.429	0.940–2.171	0.094
Moderate	Crude model	Negative expectancy	0.727	0.491–1.077	0.112	0.527	0.284–0.980	0.043
		Positive expectancy	2.666	1.751–4.062	<0.001	2.153	1.135–4.085	0.019
	Adjusted model	Negative expectancy	0.831	0.519–1.332	0.442	0.628	0.332–1.190	0.154
		Positive expectancy	2.390	1.451–3.937	0.001	1.753	0.883–3.480	0.108
Heavy	Crude model	Negative expectancy	0.080	0.020–0.319	<0.001	0.189	0.061–0.582	0.004
		Positive expectancy	5.738	1.865–17.651	0.002	5.476	1.863–16.100	0.002
	Adjusted model	Negative expectancy	–	–	0.977	–	–	0.896
		Positive expectancy	–	–	0.982	–	–	0.916

Notes: *The independent variable of the crude model only contained alcohol expectancy. The adjusted model were added with gender, grade level, residence, parental marital status, sibling situation, AFD and parents’ drinking situation on the basis of the crude model.