Pharmacological Methods of Pain Management: Narrative Review of Medication Used

Figures & data

Table 1 Pharmacological Options for Pain Management

Class	Examples	Role in Pain
Non-opioid analgesics	Aspirin, acetaminophen, (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen.	They work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for pain and inflammation
Opioid analgesics	Morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and codeine	Inhibition of opioid receptor
Antidepressants	SSRIs such as paroxetine and fluoxetine TCAs such as amitriptyline and nortriptyline	Blocking the norepinephrine or serotonin transporter
Benzodiazepines	Diazepam	Inhibit GABA neurotransmitter in the brain
Anticonvulsants	Gabapentin and pregabalin	Reduction of the release of glutamate and sensory neuropeptides (Substance P and CGRP) at the synapse, accomplished by decreasing the influx of calcium ions.
Local Anesthetics	Lidocaine and bupivacaine	Blockage of Na+ and K+ ion channels and regulate intracellular and extracellular calcium concentrations
Corticosteroids	Prednisone and dexamethasone	An anti-inflammatory action

Table 2 Non-Pharmacological Options for Pain Management

Approach	Description
Physical Therapy	Focuses on sport exercises, muscle stretches, and manual techniques to improve overall mobility, strength, and body flexibility. Commonly used for managing pain associated with musculoskeletal conditions, injuries, or post-surgical recovery.^Citation111,Citation112 Includes techniques such as massage, heat or cold therapy, ultrasound, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)^Citation113
Psychological Interventions	Involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to modify thoughts, emotions, and behaviors associated with pain.^Citation114 Equips individuals with coping strategies, relaxation techniques, and stress management skills to improve pain perception and functional outcomes. Effective for chronic pain conditions like fibromyalgia and chronic low back pain.^Citation30
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)	Includes practices such as acupuncture, mindfulness meditation, yoga, and herbal remedies. Acupuncture involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate pain relief. Mind-body techniques like mindfulness meditation and yoga emphasize relaxation, stress reduction, and improved body awareness to help individuals cope with pain symptoms. The effectiveness of CAM therapies varies, and some individuals find them beneficial in managing pain.^Citation115,Citation116
Combination Approach	Non-pharmacological options can be used alongside pharmacological methods to enhance pain relief and improve overall well-being. By tailoring interventions to individual needs and preferences, healthcare providers can offer a comprehensive and personalized approach to pain management.

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