Metabolic Profile and Negatively Association Between Insulin Resistance and Metastatic Incidence in Indonesian Primary Invasive Breast Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Sample recruitment flow diagram.

Table 1 Study Sample Characteristics

Variable	Description (N=150)
Age, n (%)
< 60 years old	117 (78)
≥ 60 years old	33 (22)
Molecular subtype, n (%)
Luminal A	38 (25.4)
Luminal B	93 (62)
Her2 OverExp	9 (6)
Triple negative	10 (6.6)
Hormonal therapy, n (%)
None	43 (29)
Tamoxifen	62 (41)
Aromatase inhibitor	45 (30)
Last chemotherapy, n (%)
< 1 month	40 (26.7)
≥ 1 month	110 (73.3)
Metastasis, n (%)
Not metastasized	79 (52.6)
Metastasized	71 (47.4)
BMI, mean kg/m^2 (SD)	23.9 (3.77)
BMI grouping, n (%)
Not Obese (< 25 kg/m^2)	101 (67.4)
Obese 1 (25–29.9 kg/m^2)	40 (26.6)
Obese 2 (> 30 kg/m^2)	9 (6)
T2DM, n (%)
No	134 (89.4)
Yes	16 (10.6)
LDL cholesterol, n (%)
< 130 mg/dL	94 (62.7)
≥ 130 mg/dL	56 (37.3)
Fasting Blood Glucose, median mg/dL (min-max)	87 (54–339)
Fasting Insulin, median (µIU/mL) (min-max)	5.6 (0.7–29.6)
HOMA-IR, median (min-max)	1.22 (0.11–12.92)
TyG, mean (SD)	8.60 (0.60)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; Her2 OverExp, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 over expression; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; LDL, low density lipoprotein; TyG Index, Triglyceride/Glucose Index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Correlation Between HOMA-IR and TyG with Metastasis Incidence

Variable	Metastasized (n= 71)	Not Metastasized (n=79)	P
HOMA-IR, median (Min-max)	1.26 (0.11–12.92)	1.18 (0.34–6.94)	1.00^a
TyG, mean (SD)	8.70 (0.62)	8.52 (0.57)	0.74^b

Notes: ^aAnalyzed using Mann–Whitney U-test. ^bAnalyzed using independent sample t-test.

Abbreviations: HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; TyG Index, Triglyceride/Glucose Index.

Table 3 Subgroup Analysis in Postmenopausal Subjects

Variable	Metastasized	Not Metastasized	P
T2DM, n (%)
No	11 (42.3)	15 (57.7)	0.98
Yes	3 (42.8)	4 (57.2)
BMI grouping, n (%)
Not Obese (< 25 kg/m2)	10 (41.6)	14 (58.4)	0.19
Obese 1 (25–29.9 kg/m2)	2 (28.6)	5 (71.4)
Obese 2 (≥ 30 kg/m2)	2 (100)	0 (0)
HOMA-IR, median (min-max)	1.63 (0.54–12.92)	1.26 (0.64–5.23)	0.43
TyG, mean (SD)	8.70 (0.62)	8.53 (0.58)	0.08

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; TyG Index, Triglyceride/Glucose Index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.