The Occurrence and Factors Associated with Overt Urinary Retention Among Postpartum Women After Vaginal Delivery with Labor Epidural Analgesia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the study population selection.

Abbreviation: PUR, postpartum urinary retention.

Table 1 Comparison of Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants Between Overt PUR Group and Non-PUR Group

Variables	Total (n=462)	Overt PUR Group (n=47)	Non-PUR Group (n=415)	x^2/t value	P value
Age, mean (SD), years	31.26 (3.97)	32.17 (3.60)	31.16 (3.99)	1.663	0.097
Gestational week, mean (SD)	39.36 (1.12)	39.36 (1.26)	39.36 (1.11)	−0.008	0.993
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m^2	25.65 (3.65)	24.96 (3.31)	25.72 (3.68)	−1.364	0.173
Pregnancy weight gain, mean (SD)	13.48 (5.20)	12.75 (4.16)	13.56 (5.31)	−1.019	0.309
Number of pregnancy, n (%)				0.397	0.820
First pregnancy	392 (84.85)	41 (87.23)	351 (84.58)
Second pregnancy	68 (14.72)	6 (12.77)	62 (14.94)
Third pregnancy	2 (0.43)	0 (0)	2 (0.48)
Education, n (%)				4.216	0.239
Junior high school or lower	7 (1.52)	0 (0)	7 (1.69)
High school or junior college	11 (2.38)	0 (0)	11 (2.65)
College and undergraduate	240 (51.94)	30 (63.83)	210 (50.60)
Postgraduate or higher	204 (44.16)	17 (36.17)	187 (45.06)
Pregnancy Complications, n (%)				0.578	0.447
Yes	261 (56.49)	29 (61.70)	232 (55.90)
No	201 (43.51)	18 (38.30)	183 (44.10)
Forceps-assisted delivery, n (%)				25.339	<0.001
Yes	83 (18.00)	21 (44.68)	62 (14.94)
No	379 (82.00)	26 (55.32)	353 (85.06)
Catheterize during labor, n (%)				3.059	0.080
Yes	380 (82.25)	43 (91.49)	337 (81.20)
No	82 (17.75)	4 (8.51)	78 (18.80)
Lateral episiotomy, n (%)				29.517	<0.001
Yes	184 (39.83)	36 (76.60)	148 (35.66)
No	278 (60.17)	11 (23.40)	267 (64.34)
Manual placenta removal, n (%)				3.264	0.071
Yes	52 (11.26)	9 (19.15)	43 (10.36)
No	410 (88.74)	38 (80.85)	372 (89.64)
Remove of the labor pain pump immediately after delivery, n (%)				0.003	0.955
Yes	185 (40.04)	19 (40.43)	166 (40.00)
No	277 (59.96)	28 (59.57)	249 (60.00)
Level of perineal pain, n (%)				29.914	<0.001
None	12 (2.60)	0 (0)	12 (2.89)
Mild	382 (82.68)	29 (61.70)	353 (85.06)
Moderate	67 (14.50)	17 (36.17)	50 (12.05)
Heavy	1 (0.22)	1 (2.13)	0 (0)
Degree of perineal edema, n (%)				5.047	0.168
None	68 (14.72)	6 (12.77)	62 (14.94)
First level	226 (48.92)	19 (40.43)	207 (49.88)
Second level	146 (31.60)	17 (36.17)	129 (31.08)
Third level	22 (4.76)	5 (10.64)	17 (4.10)
Newborn birth weight, mean (SD), gram	3273.86 (410.68)	3278.30 (375.20)	3280.67 (387.87)	−0.040	0.968
Time of first stage of labor, mean (SD), minutes	490.43 (206.24)	522.66 (207.81)	486.78 (205.99)	1.131	0.259
Time of second stage of labor, mean (SD), minutes	79.12 (52.30)	90.96 (63.97)	77.76 (50.70)	1.606	0.109
Amount of fluid infused during labor, mean (SD), mL	1308.51 (546.03)	1512.98 (440.16)	1285.07 (552.51)	2.729	0.007
Amount of water intake during labor, mean (SD), mL	423.67 (379.66)	403.62 (362.04)	425.96 (381.98)	−0.382	0.703
Amount of water consumed after delivery until first voiding, mean (SD), mL	572.85 (288.41)	700.00 (266.67)	569.64 (288.53)	1.413	0.158

Notes: All P values were calculated using independent samples t-test for continuous variables and chi-square tests or Fisher exact test for categorical variables.

Abbreviation: PUR, postpartum urinary retention.

Table 2 Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Influencing Overt PUR in Women After Vaginal Delivery with Labor Epidural Analgesia (n=462)

Independent Variables	Regression Coefficients	Standard Errors	Wald Value	OR	95% CI	P value
Constants	−6.737	2.003	11.317	0.001		0.001
Lateral episiotomy	1.515	0.441	11.817	4.551	1.918–10.798	0.001
Forceps-assisted delivery	0.900	0.393	5.243	2.461	1.138–5.318	0.022
Perineal pain level	1.442	0.370	15.193	4.229	2.048–8.732	<0.001
Age	0.068	0.039	3.068	1.071	0.992–1.156	0.080
Catheterization during labor	−0.462	0.651	0.504	0.630	0.176–2.258	0.478
Manual placenta removal	−0.664	0.477	1.935	0.515	0.202–1.312	0.164
Duration of second stage of labor	0.000	0.003	0.000	1.000	0.994–1.005	0.988
Amount of fluid infused during labor	0.000	0.000	0.605	1.000	1.000–1.001	0.437

Abbreviations: PUR, postpartum urinary retention; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.