Exploring the Relationship Between Bakhour Use and Respiratory Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Sample (n = 1612)

Characteristics	Mean ± SD
Age	29 ± 11 years
Family member	6.1 ± 2.8 kids/household
Characteristics	Frequency (%)
Gender
Male	594 (37%)
Female	1018 (63%)
Nationality
Saudi	1551 (96%)
Non-Saudi	61 (4%)
City
Jazan	1246 (77%)
Other cities	366 (23%)
Residence
Rural	691 (43%)
Urban	921 (57%)
Social status
Single	926 (57%)
Married	632 (39%)
Divorced/widowed	54 (3%)
Income
Less than 5000	912 (57%)
5000–9999	288 (18%)
10,000–14,999	228 (14%)
≥15,000	184 (11%)

Table 2 Habitual and Health Related Characteristics (n = 1612)

Characteristics	Mean ± SD
Weight	64 ± 17 kg
Height	162 ± 9.6 cm
BMI	24 ± 5.6 kg/m^2
Characteristics	Frequency (%)
Smoking status
Yes	294 (18%)
No	1318 (82%)
Smoking types (n=294)
Cigarettes	128 (44%)
Shisha	106 (36%)
Vape	60 (20%)
Hypertension (HTN)
Yes	88 (5%)
No	1524 (95%)
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Yes	71 (4%)
No	1541 (96%)
Sickle cell anemia (SCA)
Yes	45 (3%)
No	1567 (97%)
Thalassemia
Yes	14 (1%)
No	1598 (99%)

Table 3 Bakhour Related Variables (n = 1612)

Characteristics	Frequency (%)
Bakhour use
Yes	1575 (98%)
No	37 (2%)
Bakhour utilization method
Coal	1173 (73%)
Electronic	12 (1%)
Both	390 (24%)
Not Bakhour user	37 (2%)
Bakhour type
Oud	676 (42%)
Maamoul	376 (23%)
Mastic	440 (27%)
Other	83 (5%)
Not Bakhour user	37 (2%)
Characteristics	Mean ± SD
Bakhour use frequency (per week)	4.5 ± 2.9 times/week

Table 4 Respiratory Health (n = 1612)

Characteristics	Frequency (%)
Cough
Yes	456 (28%)
No	1156 (72%)
Cough frequency
Daily	85 (5%)
Weekly	136 (8%)
Monthly	235 (15%)
No cough	1156 (72%)
Cough during Bakhour Use
Yes	392 (24%)
No	1220 (76%)
Shortness of Breath (SoB)
Yes	437 (27%)
No	1175 (73%)
SoB frequency
Daily	86 (5%)
Weekly	158 (10%)
Monthly	193 (12%)
No SoB	1175 (73%)
SoB timing
Morning	100 (6%)
Night	337 (21%)
No SoB	1175 (73%)
SoB during Bakhour Use
Yes	388 (24%)
No	1224 (76%)
Wheezing
Yes	213 (13%)
No	1399 (87%)
Asthma
Yes	213 (13%)
No	1399 (87%)
COPD
Yes	213 (13%)
No	1399 (87%)
Allergic rhinitis
Yes	213 (13%)
No	1399 (87%)

Figure 1 Respiratory Health Among Participants.

Table 5 Association of Cough, Shortness of Breath, Wheezing, and Allergic Rhinitis with Bakhour Use*

	Cough	Cough Frequency	SoB	SoB Frequency	Wheezing	Allergic Rhinitis
Bakhour use	p>0.05	p>0.05	p>0.05	p>0.05	p>0.05	P<0.05
No
Yes
Process	p>0.05	P<0.05	P<0.01	P<0.05	P<0.01	p>0.05
Both
Coal
Electronic
Not Bakhour user
Bakhour type	p>0.05	p>0.05	p>0.05	p>0.05	p>0.05	P<0.01
Maamoul
Mastic
Oud
Other
Not Bakhour user
Bakhour Frequency	P<0.01	P<0.01	p>0.05	P<0.05	p>0.05	p>0.05

Notes: *The test used for the analysis was the chi-square test. Bold values indicate a p-value < 0.05, which signifies a significant association between bakhour variables and respiratory symptoms.

Table 6 Multiple Linear Regression of Bakhour Variables and Respiratory Health Score

Predictors	Respiratory Health Score
	Beta	CI	p
Bakhour use (reference: no)
[Yes]	−1.40	−7.52–4.73	0.654
Process (reference: no Bakhour use)
[Coal]	−1.21	−3.82–1.41	0.364
[Electronic]	−0.43	−9.35–8.49	0.924
Bakhour type (reference: no Bakhour use)
[Mastic]	2.19	−0.93–5.31	0.168
[Oud]	0.13	−2.61–2.87	0.924
[Other]	0.93	−5.53–7.40	0.776
Bakhour Frequency	−0.21	−0.57–0.15	0.255
Cough upon Bakhour (reference: no)
[Yes]	3.89	1.13–6.64	0.006
SoB upon Bakhour (reference: no)
[Yes]	7.48	4.70–10.25	<0.001
COPD (reference: no)
[Yes]	5.11	3.31–6.92	<0.001
Asthma (reference: no)
[Yes]	3.28	1.80–4.76	<0.001
Age	0.08	−0.07–0.22	0.304
Gender (reference: female)
[Male]	−0.12	−2.79–2.55	0.929
Smoking (reference: no)
[Yes]	0.92	−0.18–2.01	0.101
Observations	1612
R2	0.470

Data Sharing Statement

Data available in the manuscript.