Population-based approaches to understanding disparities in cardiovascular disease risk in the United States

Figures & data

Table 1 Economic burden of health disparities in the United States

	Impact
Combined costs of health inequalities and premature death	$1.24 trillion (USD)
Potential reduction in the indirect costs associated with illness and premature death if minority health inequalities were eliminated	$1 trillion (USD)
Potential reduction in direct medical care expenditures if minority health disparities were eliminated	$229.4 billion (USD)
Percent excess direct medical care expenditures for African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics that were due to health inequalities	30.6%

Note: Reprinted with permission from LaVeist TA, Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The Economic Burden of Health Inequalities in the United States, 2009. Report commissioned by the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.⁵⁹

Abbreviation: USD, US dollar.

Table 2 Differentials in the prevalence of cardiovascular conditions across racial and ethnic groups

Condition	White	African American	Mexican American/Hispanic	Native American	Asian Pacific Islander
Cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction or angina, %	6.2	6.2	6.9	11.2	4.7
Coronary heart disease >20 years of age (M/F), %	9.4/6.0	7.1/7.8	5.6/5.3	7.6 (18+)	4.2 (18+)
Subclinical coronary artery calcification, %	70/45	52/37	57/35	59/42	–
Congestive heart failure (M/F), %	2.8/2.1	2.7/3.3	2.1/1.9	–	–
Stroke, years of potential life lost from stroke before age 75	173.7	475.3	195.5	202.6	187.4
Peripheral arterial disease in diabetes, %	8.5	9.5	5.0	–	6.4
ESRD incidence (age- and sex-adjusted rates), per million	262	1,009	–	537	364
Sudden cardiac death (M/F), per 100,000	205/138	207/141	119/147	133/77	112/67
Premature (<65 years of age) cardiovascular mortality, % of deaths from heart disease	14.7	31.5	23.5	36.0	21.1

Note: Copyright © 2007 by SAGE Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications from Davis AM, Vinci LM, Okwuosa TM, Chase AR, Huang ES. Cardiovascular health disparities: a systematic review of health care interventions. Med Care Res Rev. 2007;64(5 Suppl):29S–100S.⁶⁰

Abbreviations: ESRD, end stage renal disease; F, female; M, male.

LaViestTGaskinDRichardPThe Economic Burden of Health Inequalities in the United States2009Report commissioned by the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies

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DavisAMVinciLMOkwuosaTMChaseARHuangESCardiovascular health disparities: a systematic review of health care interventionsMed Care Res Rev2007645 Suppl29S100S17881625

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