Comparative seroprevalence of measles virus immunoglobulin M antibodies in children aged 0–8 months and a control population aged 9–23 months presenting with measles-like symptoms in selected hospitals in Kaduna State

Figures & data

Table 1 Seroprevalence of measles virus infection in children in relation to hospital location

Hospital	Examined (n)	Positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	P-value
GAH	79	10	12.7	0.086
YDMH	112	28	25.0
HGSGH	82	20	24.4
Total	273	58	21.2

Note: χ²=4.910, df=2, P=0.086.

Abbreviations: GAH, Gwamna-Awan Hospital; YDMH, Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital; HGSGH, Hajia Gambo Sawaba General Hospital.

Figure 1 Seroprevalence of measles virus infection in children in relation to their age category (χ²=97.195, df=1, odds ratio 23.118, P=0.00).

Figure 2 Seroprevalence of measles virus infection in children in relation to their sex (χ²=5.006, df=1, odds ratio 1.942, P=0.025).

Table 2 Seroprevalence of measles virus infection in children in relation to parental sociodemographic data

Factors	Examined (n)	Positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	P-value
Educational status
Primary	107	26	24.3	0.687
Secondary	88	17	19.3
Tertiary	43	7	16.3
Other	35	8	22.9
Occupation
Housewife	115	28	24.3	0.207
Self-employed	126	21	16.7
Civil servant	32	9	28.1
Children (n)
1–3	129	25	19.4	0.828
4–6	105	25	23.8
7–9	32	7	21.9
>9	7	1	12.1

Notes: Educational status, χ²=1.480, df=3, P=0.687; occupation, χ²=3.146, df=2, P=0.207; number of children, χ²=0.891, df=3, P=0.828.

Table 3 Seroprevalence of measles virus infection in children in relation to their vaccination and nutritional status

Factors	Examined (n)	Positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	P-value	OR	CI
Vaccination status
No	223	53	23.8	0.031*	2.81	1.059–7.432
Yes	50	5	10.0
Breastfeeding
No	28	17	60.7	0.00**	7.69	3.36–17.62
Yes	245	41	16.7

Notes: Vaccination status, χ²=4.828, df=1, OR 2.806, P=0.031; breastfeeding, χ²=29.048, df=1, OR 7.69, P=0.000; vitamin A intake, χ²=23.568, df=1, OR 7.28, P=0.00.

* Significant association exists at P<0.05;

** significant association exists at P,0.01.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Table 4 Seroprevalence of measles virus infection in children in relation to family type and possible risk factors

Factor	Examined (n)	Positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	P-value	OR	CI
Family type
Polygamous	98	22	22.4	0.716	1.118	0.614–2.036
Monogamous	175	36	20.6
Type of residence
Self-contained	117	25	21.4	0.966	1.013	0.564–1.819
Shared apartment	156	33	21.2
Household number
>5	187	40	21.4	0.931	1.028	0.550–1.923
2–5	86	18	20.9

Notes: Family type, χ²=0.132, df=1, OR 1.118, P=0.716; type of residence, χ²=0.002, df=1, OR 1.013, P=0.966; household number, χ²=0.007, df=1, OR 1.028, P=0.931.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Table 5 Seroprevalence of measles virus infection in children in relation to maternal measles history and vaccination status

Factors	Examined (n)	Positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	P-value	OR	CI
Measles history
No	163	44	27.0	0.005*	2.535	1.312–4.900
Yes	110	14	12.7
Vaccination status
No	115	31	27.0	0.049*	1.791	0.998–3.211
Yes	158	27	17.1

Notes: Measles history, χ²=7.989, df=1, OR 2.535, P=0.005; vaccination status, χ²=3.873, df=1, OR 1.791; P=0.04.

* Significant association exists at P<0.05.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Table 6 Seroprevalence of measles virus infection in children in relation to disease symptoms

Factors	Examined	Positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	P-value	OR	CI	Factors
Fever	Yes	273	58	21.2	0.00*	Undefined	Undefined
	No	0	0	0.0
Cough	Yes	127	34	26.8	0.037*	1.858	1.032–3.346
	No	146	24	16.4
Coryza	Yes	7	24	32.0	0.008*	2.270	1.234–4.177
	No	198	34	17.2
Diarrhea	Yes	182	46	25.3	0.021*	2.227	1.113–4.454
	No	91	12	13.2
Vomiting	Yes	153	39	25.5	0.053	1.819	0.988–3.348
	No	120	19	15.8
Rash	Yes	66	31	47.0	0.00*	5.905	3.14–11.09
	No	207	27	13.0
Conjunctiva	Yes	14	7	50.0	0.007*	4.078	1.37–12.15
	No	259	51	19.7
Koplik spots	Yes	4	3	75.0	0.008*	11.67	1.19–114.41
	No	269	55	20.4

Note:

* Significant association exists at P<0.05.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Table 7 Seroprevalence of measles virus infection in children in relation to common childhood diseases with measles-like symptoms

Factors	Examined (n)	Positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	P-value	OR	CI	Factors
Malaria	Yes	45	9	20.0	0.823	0.913	0.412–2.024
	No	228	49
Typhoid	Yes	14	0	0.0	0.056	Undefined	Undefined
	No	259	58	22.4
Pneumonia	Yes	4	0	0.0	0.295	Undefined	Undefined
	No	269	58	21.6

Notes: Malaria, χ²=0.050, df=1, OR 0.913, P=0.823; typhoid, χ²=3.981, df=1, P=0.056; pneumonia, χ²=1.095, df=1, P=0.295.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.