Figures & data
Figure 1 Structure of tetraglycol, n = 1–2.
Figure 2 Scheme of the nanoemulsion generating process.
Abbreviation: API, active principle ingredient.
Figure 3 Nanoemulsions formulated with low-energy spontaneous emulsification. A) Surfactant = Cremophor ELP®, oil = Labrafil M 1944 CS®. B) Surfactant = Solutol HS15, oil = Labrafac CC®. Hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI; inset) are plotted against the surfactant/oil weight ratio (SOR). Nanoemulsions-encapsulating the drug (diclofenac) are shown with the filled circles and compared with a formulation of “empty” nanoemulsions (open diamond-shaped symbols). The gray parts indicate that the criteria of PDI quality are not met, and the suspension cannot be considered as a nanoemulsion. Relative standard deviations are comprised as follows: A) for empty nanoemulsions, between 1.5% and 0.2%; and for loaded nanoemulsions, between 4.3% and 3.5%; B) for empty nanoemulsions, between 1.3% and 0.1%; and for loaded nanoemulsions, between 3.8% and 2.2%.
Figure 4 Encapsulation of sulfamethazine in nanoemulsions formulated with low-energy spontaneous emulsification, with ethanol as a cosolvent. Hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI; inset) are plotted against the surfactant/oil weight ratio (SOR). Surfactant = C remophor ELP®, oil = Labrafil M 1944 CS®. Oil/cosolvent weight ratio = 1. The gray part indicates that the criteria of PDI quality are not met, and the suspension cannot be considered as a nanoemulsion.
Figure 5 Encapsulation of sulfamethazine in nanoemulsions formulated with low-energy spontaneous emulsification, with tetraglycol as a cosolvent. Hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI; inset) are plotted against the surfactant/oil weight ratio (SOR). A) Surfactant = C remophor ELP®, oil = Labrafac CC®. B) Surfactant = C remophor ELP®, oil = vitamin E acetate. Oil/cosolvent weight ratio = 1. The gray parts indicate that the criteria of PDI quality are not met, and the suspension cannot be considered as a nanoemulsion.
Figure 6 Schematic design of automated in situ emulsification and delivery of drugs (red) in nanoemulsions (yellow) into beverages of breeding animals.
