Antibacterial properties of PEKK for orthopedic applications

Figures & data

Figure 1 Scanning electron microscopy images of (A) PEEK and (B) PEKK and (C) AFM image of PEKK.

Abbreviations: AFM, atomic force microscopy; PEEK, poly-ether-ether-ketone; PEKK, poly-ether-ketone-ketone.

Figure 2 Contact angle results of PEEK and PEKK samples.

Abbreviations: PEEK, poly-ether-ether-ketone; PEKK, poly-ether-ketone-ketone.

Figure 3 Staphylococcus epidermidis on different samples after 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days culture.

Notes: Data are mean ± SEM; n=2. ***p<0.01 when PEKK compared to respective PEEK after 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days culture.

Abbreviations: PEEK, poly-ether-ether-ketone; PEKK, poly-ether-ketone-ketone; SEM, standard error of mean.

Figure 4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa on different samples after 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days culture.

Notes: Data are mean ± SEM; n=3. ***p<0.01 when PEKK compared to respective PEEK after 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days culture.

Abbreviations: PEEK, poly-ether-ether-ketone; PEKK, poly-ether-ketone-ketone; SEM, standard error of mean.

Figure 5 Difference of resistance to nanostructured PEKK surface between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Abbreviation: PEKK, poly-ether-ketone-ketone.

Figure 6 Live/dead assay of Staphylococcus epidermidis attached on PEEK and PEKK samples (SYTO^® 9 and propidium iodide respectively stained live [green] and dead [red] bacteria cells).

Notes: No red stained bacteria observed in these images. Scale bars =50 microns.

Abbreviations: PEEK, poly-ether-ether-ketone; PEKK, poly-ether-ketone-ketone.

Figure 7 Live/dead assay of Pseudomonas aeruginosa attached on PEEK and PEKK samples (SYTO^® 9 and propidium iodide respectively stained live [green] and dead [red] bacteria cells).

Notes: No red stained bacteria observed in these images. Scale bars =50 microns.

Abbreviations: PEEK, poly-ether-ether-ketone; PEKK, poly-ether-ketone-ketone.