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International Journal of Nanomedicine Volume 12, 2017 - Issue
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Original Research

Synthesis, structural characterization and catalytic application of citrate-stabilized monometallic and bimetallic palladium@copper nanoparticles in microbial anti-activities

Inayat Ullah1 Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research and Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
,
Khakemin Khan2 Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
,
Muhammad Sohail3 School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
,
Kifayat Ullah4 Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chack Sahzad, Islamabad, PakistanCorrespondence[email protected]
,
Anwar Ullah4 Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chack Sahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
&
Shabnum Shaheen5 Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab-Pakistan
Pages 8735-8747 | Published online: 12 Dec 2017

Figures & data

Figure 1 Scanning electron micrographs and size distribution plots of (A) copper, (B) palladium and (C) palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles.

Figure 1 Scanning electron micrographs and size distribution plots of (A) copper, (B) palladium and (C) palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles.
Figure 1 Scanning electron micrographs and size distribution plots of (A) copper, (B) palladium and (C) palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles.

Figure 2 (A) X-ray diffraction pattern of palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles. (B) Energy-dispersive X-ray elemental mapping images of Pd, Cu, and Pd@Cu bimetallic nanoparticles, respectively.

Figure 2 (A) X-ray diffraction pattern of palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles. (B) Energy-dispersive X-ray elemental mapping images of Pd, Cu, and Pd@Cu bimetallic nanoparticles, respectively.

Figure 3 Absorbance spectra of (A) copper, (B) palladium and (C) palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles using different volumes of trisodium citrate (5 mM). The arrows show the maximum absorbance.

Figure 3 Absorbance spectra of (A) copper, (B) palladium and (C) palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles using different volumes of trisodium citrate (5 mM). The arrows show the maximum absorbance.

Figure 4 (A) Color change during catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol and (B) ultraviolet–visible spectra of p-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenolate ion and 4-aminophenol. Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Cu@Pd (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (55 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (a) 4-nitrophenol, (b) 4-nitrophenolate ion, (c) 4-aminophenol.

Abbreviations: NA, nitroaminophenol; NP, nitrophenol.

Figure 4 (A) Color change during catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol and (B) ultraviolet–visible spectra of p-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenolate ion and 4-aminophenol. Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Cu@Pd (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (55 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (a) 4-nitrophenol, (b) 4-nitrophenolate ion, (c) 4-aminophenol.Abbreviations: NA, nitroaminophenol; NP, nitrophenol.

Figure 5 Ultraviolet–visible spectra for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol catalyzed by (A) copper, (B) palladium and (C) palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles.

Notes: Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Cu (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (B) Conditions: H2O (3 mL), Pd (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (C) Conditions: H2O (3 mL), Pd@Cu (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M).

Figure 5 Ultraviolet–visible spectra for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol catalyzed by (A) copper, (B) palladium and (C) palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles.Notes: Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Cu (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (B) Conditions: H2O (3 mL), Pd (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (C) Conditions: H2O (3 mL), Pd@Cu (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M).

Figure 6 Determination of the reduction rates of 4-nitrophenol as a function of reaction time by using copper, palladium and palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles as a catalyst.

Notes: Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Cu (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (b) Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Pd (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (c) Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Pd@Cu (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M).

Figure 6 Determination of the reduction rates of 4-nitrophenol as a function of reaction time by using copper, palladium and palladium@copper bimetallic nanoparticles as a catalyst.Notes: Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Cu (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (b) Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Pd (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M). (c) Reaction conditions: H2O (3 mL), Pd@Cu (15 μL, 0.1 mg mL−1), 4-nitrophenol (40 μL, 0.1 M) and NaBH4 (150 μL, 0.1 M).

Figure S1 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum of Pd@Cu nanoparticles.

Figure S1 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum of Pd@Cu nanoparticles.

Figure S2 Comparative antibacterial properties of copper, palladium and their bimetallic palladium@copper nanoparticles: (A, B) Gram+ve; (C–H) Gram−ve bacteria.

Figure S2 Comparative antibacterial properties of copper, palladium and their bimetallic palladium@copper nanoparticles: (A, B) Gram+ve; (C–H) Gram−ve bacteria.

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