Effective use of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems for the treatment of selected tumors

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematics of SLN.

Abbreviation: SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle.

Figure 2 Diagrammatic representation of liposome structure.

Figure 3 Structure of dendrimers.

Figure 4 Schematics of PNPs.

Abbreviation: PNP, polymeric nanoparticle.

Figure 5 Structure of PMs.

Abbreviation: PM, polymeric micelle.

Figure 6 Structure of VNPs.

Abbreviation: VNP, virus-based nanoparticle.

Figure 7 Graphical representation of SWCNTs (A) and double-walled CNTs (B).

Abbreviations: CNT, carbon nanotube; SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotube.

Figure 8 Schematics of MSNs.

Abbreviation: MSN, mesoporous silica nanoparticle.

Figure 9 Diagrammatic illustration of passive tumor targeting (A) and active tumor targeting (B) by nanocarriers.

Abbreviation: EPR, enhanced permeability and retention.

Table 1 Antitumor drug-loaded nanocarriers for the treatment of various tumors

Nanocarrier	Drug(s)	Tumor	Benefits	References
SLNs	5-FU, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, methotrexate	Colon, breast, lungs, pancreatic	a) SLN formulations have been successfully prepared using a simple double emulsion procedure that offers a better flexibility and least process-related stress on the encapsulated drug. These formulae represent a platform for the preparation of SLNs for water-soluble anticancer drugs, including peptides b) They have shown higher cytotoxicity than the equivalent amount of free-drug treatment as a result of the synergetic effect	^Citation14^–^Citation17, ^Citation159^–^Citation161
Liposomes	Doxorubicin, cisplatin, Doxil	Breast, lungs, colon	a) The therapeutic advantages of targeted liposomes compared with their nontargeting counterparts in cancer cells have been demonstrated b) Enhanced drug entrapment, leading to substantial anticancer efficacy and abridged cardiotoxicity	^Citation122, ^Citation162, ^Citation163
Dendrimers	Methotrexate, 5-FU, cisplatin, doxorubicin	Breast, skin, lungs	a) Internalization of the drug conjugates into the tumor cells, resulting in increased antitumor activity and reduced toxicity b) These conjugates were found to have favorable controlled release characteristic for anticancer drugs	^Citation25, ^Citation26, ^Citation28, ^Citation29, ^Citation164, ^Citation165
PNPs	Doxorubicin, docetaxel, paclitaxel, cisplatin, imatinib mesylate	Breast, chronic myeloid leukemia	a) A single intravenous injection of doxorubicin conjugated to PLGA NP exhibited tumor suppression comparable to that by daily injection of free doxorubicin over 12 days; thus, the NP formulation was much more potent and longer lasting than conventional free doxorubicin b) Much greater cytotoxic potency to cancer cells than Taxotere (current clinical form of docetaxel) c) Paclitaxel-loaded PEG-PLGA-based NPs exhibited enhanced in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects compared with the commercial formulation of paclitaxel (Taxol) d) Cisplatin-loaded glycol chitosan NPs showed sustained cisplatin release, improved antitumor efficacy and decreased toxicity as compared to free drug	^Citation31, ^Citation35^–^Citation38, ^Citation40, ^Citation41
PMs	Methotrexate, cisplatin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin	Breast, skin, lungs	a) PMs increase the anticancer drug circulation time in the blood b) The smaller size (10–100 nm) and prolonged circulation times in vivo cause the PMs to preferentially accumulate in the tumor site and increase their cytotoxic effect	^Citation39, ^Citation43, ^Citation46^–^Citation48, ^Citation166, ^Citation167
CNTs	Methotrexate, cisplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, tripiscian, carboplatin, mitomycin C	Lungs, breast, skin	a) The needle-like shape of CNTs allows them to cross the cell membrane via endocytosis or “needle-like penetration” and subsequently enter into the cell b) They offer unique physicochemical characteristics, great drug entrapment, intrinsic stability, mechanical flexibility and suitable surface functionalization	^Citation68^–^Citation76, ^Citation168^–^Citation174
VNPs	Doxorubicin, paclitaxel, methotrexate	Breast, colon, lungs	a) VNPs show numerous striking characters comprising biocompatibility, morphological consistency, easy surface functionalization and availability in a variety of sizes and shapes b) PEGylating the surface of VNPs can increase their circulation time in the host	^Citation53, ^Citation54, ^Citation57, ^Citation58, ^Citation175

Abbreviations: 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; CNT, carbon nanotube; NP, nanoparticle; PEG-PLGA, PEGylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PM, polymeric micelle; PNP, polymeric nanoparticle; SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle; VNP, virus-based nanoparticle.

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