Preparation, characterizations and anti-pollutant activity of 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone nanoparticles in particulate matter-induced HaCaT keratinocytes

Figures & data

Table 1 Particle size and polydispersity index, yield, drug loading and aqueous solubility of 734THI nanoparticle powder

	Particle size (nm)	Polydispersity index	Yield (%)	Drug loading (%)	Aqueous solubility (μg/mL)
734THI	4,849±256.9	>1	–	–	20.21±0.13
734THIN	392.6±5.1*	0.437±0.13	81.67	65	792.81±0.31*

Note:

* Significantly different from 734THI (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: 734THI, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone; 734THIN, 734THI nanoparticle powder.

Figure 1 The scanning electron microscopy photographs of raw 734THI (A) and 734THIN (B), the transmission electron microscopy photograph of 734THIN (C, scale bar=1 μm) and the phase solubility diagram of 734THI with PVP K30 (D).

Abbreviations: 734THI, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone; 734THIN, 734THI nanoparticle powder; PVP K30, polyvinylpyrrolidone.

Figure 2 Crystalline form of raw 734THI and 734THIN using powder XRD analysis.

Abbreviations: 734THI, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone; 734THIN, 734THI nanoparticle powder; XRD, powder X-ray diffractometry.

Figure 3 Hydrogen bonding interactions between 734THI and PVP K30. ¹H NMR (A) and FT-IR (B).

Abbreviations: 734THI, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone; 734THIN, 734THI nanoparticle powder; FT-IR, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy; PVP K30, polyvinylpyrrolidone.

Figure 4 Cell viability of HaCaT keratinocytes treated with 734THIN for 24 h (A) and cellular uptake of 734THIN by HaCaT keratinocytes after 2 h (B).

Notes: The different superscript symbols indicate significant differences. ^#Significantly different from raw 734THI (P<0.05). *Significantly different from 734THI-PM (P<0.05). The experiments were performed in triplicate.

Abbreviations: 734THI, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone; 734THIN, 734THI nanoparticle powder; 734THI-PM, 734THI physical mixture.

Figure 5 Expression of inflammatory proteins (COX-2, cPLA2, ICAM) and aging protein (MMP-9) following various 734THI treatments in PM-exposed HaCaT keratinocytes: 734THI in 1% DMSO (A), 734THIN in PBS (B) and raw 734THI in PBS (C).

Figure 6 Expression of MAPK signaling proteins (p-p38, p-ERK 1/2, p-JNK 1/2) following various 734THI treatments at 10 μM in PM-exposed HaCaT keratinocytes.

Notes: *Significantly different from PM-induced only group (P<0.05). The experiments were performed in triplicate.

Abbreviations: 734THI, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone; 734THIN, 734THI nanoparticle powder; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PM, particulate matter.

Notes: *Significantly different from PM-induced only group (P<0.05). The experiments were performed in triplicate.

Abbreviations: 734THI, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone; 734THIN, 734THI nanoparticle powder; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PM, particulate matter; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone.

Figure 6 Expression of MAPK signaling proteins (p-p38, p-ERK 1/2, p-JNK 1/2) following various 734THI treatments at 10 μM in PM-exposed HaCaT keratinocytes.

Notes: *Significantly different from PM-induced only group (P<0.05). The experiments were performed in triplicate.

Abbreviations: 734THI, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone; 734THIN, 734THI nanoparticle powder; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PM, particulate matter.

Figure 7 The related schematic diagram for the chemical structure of 734THIN.

Abbreviations: 734THI, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone; 734THIN, 734THI nanoparticle powder; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone.