Tumor-targeting delivery of herb-based drugs with cell-penetrating/tumor-targeting peptide-modified nanocarriers

Figures & data

Figure 1 Passive and active targeting of tumors.

Note: In passive targeting, drug-loaded NPs discriminately accumulate in tumor tissue due to leaky vasculature and poor lymphatic system, whereas active targeting involves the binding of ligand modified NPs to the receptor that are overexpressed on the cancer cells and directing cell membrane penetration using CPP.

Abbreviations: NPs, nanoparticles; CPP, cell-penetrating peptide; EPR, enhanced permeability and retention.

Figure 2 Activable cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs).

Note: Enzyme-activated CPP (A), photon-activated CPP (B), pH-activated CPP (C).

Table 1 Plant-derived anticancer agents in clinical use and clinical trials

Anticancer agent	Source	Chemical class	Reference(s)
Podophyllotoxin	Podophyllum peltatum, P. emodi	Podophyllum lignans	^Citation123
Etoposide	P. peltatum	Podophyllum lignans	^Citation123
Teniposide	P. peltatum	Podophyllum lignans	^Citation123
Combretastatin A4 phosphate	Combretum caffrum	Stilbenes	^Citation126
Betulinic acid	Betula spp.	Triterpene	^Citation126
Topotecan	Camptotheca acuminata	Alkaloid	^Citation127
Irinotecan	Plants of the genus Taxus (yews)	Alkaloid	^Citation127
Docetaxel	Plants of the genus Taxus	Taxane	^Citation127
Camptothecin	Camptotheca acuminata	Quinoline alkaloid	^Citation127
Flavopiridol	Dysoxylum binectariferum	Flavonoid alkaloid	^Citation127
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	Polyphenol	^Citation127
Elliptinium	Bleekeria vitiensis	Alkaloid	^Citation132
Gambogic acid	Garcinia hanburyi	Xanthonoid	^Citation136
Ingenol mebutate	Euphorbia peplus	Diterpene	^Citation137
Homoharringtonine	Cephalotaxus harringtonia	Alkaloid	^Citation137
Vinblastine	Catharanthus roseus	Vinca alkaloids	^Citation137
Vincristine	C. roseus	Vinca alkaloids	^Citation137
Paclitaxel	Taxus brevifolia	Taxane	^Citation137
Genistein	Genista tinctoria	Flavonoid	^Citation138
Resveratrol	Polygonum cuspidatum	Flavonoid	^Citation138
Piperlongumine	Piper longum	Alkaloid	^Citation139, ^Citation140
Bruceantin	Brucea antidysenterica	Quassinoid	^Citation141

Figure 3 Chemical structure of some plant-derived anticancer drugs.

Table 2 Examples of plant-derived anticancer drugs conjugated with peptides

Anticancer agent	Peptides	Nanocarrier	Application	Reference
Tripterine	Ste-R6L2	Nanostructured lipids	PC3	^Citation81
Curcumin	GHHNGR	Nanoliposomes	MCF7, MDA-MB468	^Citation144
Trichosanthin	HBD (GPGLWERQAREHSERKKRRRESECKAA)		HeLa cells, 95D, A549, SMMC7721, MCF7	^Citation149
Paclitaxel	TAT (Cys-AYGRKKRRQRRR)	Liposomes	B16F1	^Citation151
	iRGD	Polymersomes	NRP1	^Citation154
	TAT	Liposomes	B16F1	^Citation155
	iRGD	Lipid–polymer hybrid	A2780/Ptx	^Citation158
	c(RGDfK)	Polymeric micelles	MDA-MB435	^Citation159
	tLyp-1	PEG–PLA NPs	C6 glioma cells	^Citation160
Docetaxel	RIPL (IPLVVPLRRRRRRRRC)	Liposome	SKOV3, MCF7, DU145, PC3	^Citation157
	Bombesin	NPs	MDA-MB231	^Citation161
Camptothecin	RGD-mimetic		A2780	^Citation162
10-Hydroxycamptothecin	c(RGDyK)	Lipid–polymer hybrid NPs	MDA-MB435s MCF7	^Citation163

Abbreviations: PEG, polyethylene glycol; PLA, polylactic acid; NPs, nanoparticles; RGD, arginine–glycine–aspartic acid.

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