Nanotechnology, an alternative with promising prospects and advantages for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Figures & data

Table 1 Some advances in nanoparticles used in CAD

Drug/nanoparticle	Target region	Objection	Prime target	Year/reference
Ligand-decorated liposome nanoparticles	Activated platelet	Human and rat	Platelet-targeted delivery of drugs and imaging probes	2010^Citation124
Liposomes containing alendronate	Coronary artery	–	Reduce circulating monocytes and inhibit experimental restenosis	2012^Citation125
Liposome nanocarriers to delivery BH4	Prevention of early atherosclerotic lesion formation	Mouse	Prevention of early atherosclerotic lesion formation	2015^Citation126
Gd-containing immunomicelles	Macrophages in atherosclerosis	Murine	Detection of macrophage-rich plaques	2006^Citation127
Lipid-polymeric nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel	Coronary artery	Rat	Treatment of injured vasculature due to PCI	2011^Citation128
PLGA nanoparticles containing alendronate	Coronary artery	Rabbit	Depletion of circulating monocytes, inhibition of macrophages proliferation and restenosis	2009^Citation129
Mn G8 dendrimers	Oxidation-specific epitopes	Mouse	Detection of atherosclerotic plaques	2015^Citation130
Tadpole dendrimer loaded with siRNA	AT1R	Rat	Improvement of cardiac function recovery	2013^Citation131
Rapamycin-loaded gel-like nanoparticles	Carotid artery	Rat	Prevention of neointimal hyperplasia and reendothelialization of vascular injury	2008^Citation132
MNP-loaded primary ECs	Gene expression	Lewis inbred rats	Reendothelialization by the implant and alleviating neointimal hyperplasia	2015^Citation133
Paclitaxel-loaded MNPs	Carotid stent	Rat	Inhibition of in-stent restenosis	2010^Citation134
HDL covered by liposomes	Aortic cholesterol contents	Cholesterol-fed rabbits	Reduction of aortic plaque volume and cholesterol content	2010^Citation135
Colloidal nanoparticles-loaded thrombin	Acute arterial	Mouse	Localized treatment of acute thrombosis	2011^Citation136
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles derived from fluorophores	Areas of atheroma	Rabbit	Identification of biologically high-risk atheroma	2017^Citation137
PDLLA nanoparticles containing sirolimus	Smooth muscle cells	–	Inhibiting the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and speeding up the proliferation of endothelial cells	2018^Citation138

Abbreviations: AT1R, angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor; BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; CAD, coronary artery disease; ECs, endothelial cells; Gd, gadolinium; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; MNP, magnetic nanoparticle; Mn, manganese; PCI, percutaneous coronary interventions; PDLLA, polymer poly (DL-lactide); PLGA, poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid; siRNA, small-interfering RNA.

Table 2 A brief summary of the application of nanotechnology to cardiovascular disease

Coronary artery disease	Hypertension	Pulmonary hypertension
• Nanoparticles for diagnosis: iron oxide fluorescent, 19F perfluorocarbons, gold, gadolinium-coated perfluorocarbon • Nanoparticles for therapy: pravastatin, fumagillin, pioglitazone, anti-inflammatory peptide	• Nanoemulsion: olmesartan medoxomil, ramipril, amlodipine, valsartan, lacidipine, carvedilol • Lipotomes: lacidipine, siRNA • Nanowire: ACEI, BBS, CCB • Nanostructured lipid carrier: lercanidipine • Hydrogel/glass hybrid: nitric oxide • Nanoparticles: felodipine	• Nanosuspensions: bosentan • Nanoparticles: beraprost, imatinib, pitavastatin, fasudil, oligonucleotides
Atrial fibrillation	Acute myocardial infarction	Ischemic stroke
• Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded with neurotoxic agent • Nanomaterials: Parylene-C with dexamethasone and amiodarone	• Diagnosis: iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles • Nanoparticles: PlGF, irbesartan, adenosine, phosphatidylserine • Nanomaterials: PEG, PGA, PCL, PLA, PLGA, PPy, peptides nanofibers	• Nanoparticles: tPA, hirulog

Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BBS, beta blockers; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; PCL, polycaprolactone; PEG, poly (ethylene glycol); PGA, polyglycolic acid; PLA, poly-lactic acid; PLGA, poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid; PPy, polypyrrole; PlGF, placental growth factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator.

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