Figures & data
Figure 1 Field-emission scanning electron microscopy of untreated (TiPolished) and treated (TiNano) surfaces.
Abbreviations: TiPolished, polished titanium; TiNano, nanocavitated titanium.
Figure 2 Visualization of cell density by staining of nuclei.
Notes: DAPI (A) and cell numbers (B) on TiPolished, TiNano, and Glass surfaces. *P<0.05; error bars, SD.
Abbreviations: TiNano, nanocavitated titanium; TiPolished, polished titanium; Glass, glass coverslips.
Figure 3 Field-emission scanning electron microscopy of U937 macrophages on TiPolished, TiNano, and Glass surfaces.
Notes: Macrophages spread less and adopted a more rounded profile on TiNano (A, B), filopodial extensions (C). Red arrows represent large cytoplasmic veils.
Abbreviations: TiPolished, polished titanium; TiNano, nanocavitated titanium; Glass, glass coverslips.
Figure 4 Cell-surface area on the three surfaces studied.
Note: *P<0.05; error bars, SD.
Abbreviations: TiPolished, polished titanium; TiNano, nanocavitated titanium; Glass, glass coverslips.
Figure 5 Actin labeling of macrophage on TiPolished (A), Glass (B), and TiNano (C).
Note: Enlargement of boxed areas shows podosome formation.
Abbreviations: TiPolished, polished titanium; Glass, glass coverslips; TiNano, nanocavitated titanium.
Figure 6 Macrophage protein expression.
Note: Osteopontin (A); SPARC (B); and stabilin 1 (C).
Abbreviations: TiPolished, polished titanium; TiNano, nanocavitated titanium; Glass, glass coverslips.
Figure 7 Phagocytosis of latex beads.
Notes: Counting of macrophage phagocytic activity (A). *P<0.05; error bars, SD. Representative fluorescence images of phagocytosis (B): actin (red), latex beads (green), and nuclei (blue).
Abbreviations: TiPolished, polished titanium; TiNano, nanocavitated titanium; Glass, glass coverslips.
Table 1 Concentration of cytokine release from U937 macrophage cells on TiNano, TiPolished, and Glass
Figure 8 Influence of nanopatterning on cytokines: inflammatory cytokine release by macrophages on TiPolished, TiNano, and Glass surfaces.
Note: *P<0.05; error bars, SD.
Abbreviations: TiPolished, polished titanium; TiNano, nanocavitated titanium; Glass, glass coverslips.
