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International Journal of Nanomedicine Volume 14, 2019 - Issue
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Original Research

High loads of nano-hydroxyapatite/graphene nanoribbon composites guided bone regeneration using an osteoporotic animal model

Francilio Carvalho Oliveira1 Institute of Science and Technology, Brasil University, Itaquera 08230-030, São Paulo, Brazil, [email protected];2 University Center for Health, Humanities and Technology of Piauí, (UNINOVAFAPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
,
Jancineide Oliveira Carvalho1 Institute of Science and Technology, Brasil University, Itaquera 08230-030, São Paulo, Brazil, [email protected];2 University Center for Health, Humanities and Technology of Piauí, (UNINOVAFAPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
,
Suziete Batista Soares Gusmão3 LIMAV-Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Technological Center, UFPI-Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piaui, Brazil, [email protected]
,
Licia de Sousa Gonçalves2 University Center for Health, Humanities and Technology of Piauí, (UNINOVAFAPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
,
Liana Martha Soares Mendes4 Department of Specialized Medicine, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64017-775, Piaui, Brazil
,
Sérgio Antonio Pereira Freitas2 University Center for Health, Humanities and Technology of Piauí, (UNINOVAFAPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
,
Gustavo Oliveira de Meira Gusmão5 Department of Physics, State University of Piaui, Teresina 64002-150, Piaui, Brazil
,
Bartolomeu Cruz Viana3 LIMAV-Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Technological Center, UFPI-Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piaui, Brazil, [email protected];6 Department of Physics, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
,
Fernanda Roberta Marciano1 Institute of Science and Technology, Brasil University, Itaquera 08230-030, São Paulo, Brazil, [email protected];7 Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;8 Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, [email protected]
&
Anderson Oliveira Lobo1 Institute of Science and Technology, Brasil University, Itaquera 08230-030, São Paulo, Brazil, [email protected];3 LIMAV-Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Technological Center, UFPI-Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piaui, Brazil, [email protected];8 Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, [email protected]Correspondence[email protected]
 show all
Pages 865-874 | Published online: 29 Jan 2019

Figures & data

Table 1 Distribution of groups of animals and evaluation periods after implantation

Figure 1 (A) TEM of the GNR and (B) nHAp/GNR. (C) X-ray diffractogram of the powders. (D) Size of the crystallite obtained according to the Scherrer equation, using the (0 0 2) diffraction plane of HAp (JCPDS 00-046-0905). (E) Average crystallinity index. (F) Spectra of ART-FTIR. (G) Spectra of Raman for: (a) GNR, (b) nHAp, (c) nHAp/GNR1%, (d) nHAp/GNR2%, and (e) nHAp/GNR3%.

Abbreviations: ART-FTIR, attenuated total reflection - Fourier transform infrared; FWHM, full peak width at half height of the maximum; HAp, hydroxyapatite; nHAp, nano-hydroxyapatite; GNR, graphene nanoribbons; nHAp/GNR, nHAp and GNR composites; TEM, transmission electron micrographs.

Figure 1 (A) TEM of the GNR and (B) nHAp/GNR. (C) X-ray diffractogram of the powders. (D) Size of the crystallite obtained according to the Scherrer equation, using the (0 0 2) diffraction plane of HAp (JCPDS 00-046-0905). (E) Average crystallinity index. (F) Spectra of ART-FTIR. (G) Spectra of Raman for: (a) GNR, (b) nHAp, (c) nHAp/GNR1%, (d) nHAp/GNR2%, and (e) nHAp/GNR3%.Abbreviations: ART-FTIR, attenuated total reflection - Fourier transform infrared; FWHM, full peak width at half height of the maximum; HAp, hydroxyapatite; nHAp, nano-hydroxyapatite; GNR, graphene nanoribbons; nHAp/GNR, nHAp and GNR composites; TEM, transmission electron micrographs.

Figure 2 Radiography of tibias: (A) control and (B and C) experimental groups with GNR after 21 and 45 days, respectively, using the DIGORA system. The circle indicates the location of the defect. Statistical data on bone density are presented in (D) and (E) recorded as mean ± SD (n=3). Different letters show significant differences for P<0.05.

Abbreviation: GNR, graphene nanoribbons.

Figure 2 Radiography of tibias: (A) control and (B and C) experimental groups with GNR after 21 and 45 days, respectively, using the DIGORA system. The circle indicates the location of the defect. Statistical data on bone density are presented in (D) and (E) recorded as mean ± SD (n=3). Different letters show significant differences for P<0.05.Abbreviation: GNR, graphene nanoribbons.

Figure 3 Optical microscopy photographs of the rat tibias from the control group and after 21 days from the implantation: G1 (A, A1, and A2), G2 (B, B1, and B2), G3 (C, C1, and C2), and G6 (D, D1, and D2). H&E: 10, 20, and 40×, respectively. Scale bar of 200 µm. Periosteum (circle), trabecular bone (➔), osteocytes (→), bone marrow (▲), and nHAp/GNR (square).

Abbreviations: CB, compact bone; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; nHAp/GNR, nHAp and GNR composites.

Figure 3 Optical microscopy photographs of the rat tibias from the control group and after 21 days from the implantation: G1 (A, A1, and A2), G2 (B, B1, and B2), G3 (C, C1, and C2), and G6 (D, D1, and D2). H&E: 10, 20, and 40×, respectively. Scale bar of 200 µm. Periosteum (circle), trabecular bone (➔), osteocytes (→), bone marrow (▲), and nHAp/GNR (square).Abbreviations: CB, compact bone; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; nHAp/GNR, nHAp and GNR composites.

Figure 4 Quantification of the cortical thickness of the tibia bones in rats implanted with GNR, nHAp, and nHAp/GNR after (A) 21 and (B) 45 days of implantation recorded as mean ± SD (n=3). Different letters show significant differences for P<0.05.

Abbreviations: GNR, graphene nanoribbons; nHAp, nano-hydroxyapatite; nHAp/GNR, nHAp and GNR composites.

Figure 4 Quantification of the cortical thickness of the tibia bones in rats implanted with GNR, nHAp, and nHAp/GNR after (A) 21 and (B) 45 days of implantation recorded as mean ± SD (n=3). Different letters show significant differences for P<0.05.Abbreviations: GNR, graphene nanoribbons; nHAp, nano-hydroxyapatite; nHAp/GNR, nHAp and GNR composites.

Figure 5 Quantitative analysis of the ALP of rats that were oophorectomized and implanted with GNR, nHAp, and nHAp/GNR after (A) 21 and (B) 45 days of implantation presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Different letters show significant differences for P<0.05.

Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GNR, graphene nanoribbons; nHAp, nano-hydroxyapatite; nHAp/GNR, nHAp and GNR composites.

Figure 5 Quantitative analysis of the ALP of rats that were oophorectomized and implanted with GNR, nHAp, and nHAp/GNR after (A) 21 and (B) 45 days of implantation presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Different letters show significant differences for P<0.05.Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GNR, graphene nanoribbons; nHAp, nano-hydroxyapatite; nHAp/GNR, nHAp and GNR composites.

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