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International Journal of Nanomedicine Volume 14, 2019 - Issue
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Original Research

Characterization and bioactivity of self-assembled anti-angiogenic chondroitin sulfate-ES2-AF nanoparticle conjugate

Liang Xing1 National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected];2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected]
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Feng Sun1 National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected];2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected]
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Zhendong Wang1 National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected];2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected]
,
Yan Li1 National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected];2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected]
,
Zhifang Yang1 National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected];2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected]
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Fengshan Wang1 National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected];3 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected]
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Guangxi Zhai3 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected]Correspondence[email protected]
&
Haining Tan1 National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected];2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, [email protected]Correspondence[email protected]
 show all
Pages 2573-2589 | Published online: 10 Apr 2019

Figures & data

Figure 1 Synthesis and 1H-NMR spectra of CS-ES2-AF. (A) Synthetic route of CS-ES2-AF. 1H-NMR spectra of (B) CS, (C) CS-TBA, and (D) CS-ES2-AF.

Abbreviations: CS, chondroitin sulfate; 1H-NMR, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Figure 1 Synthesis and 1H-NMR spectra of CS-ES2-AF. (A) Synthetic route of CS-ES2-AF. 1H-NMR spectra of (B) CS, (C) CS-TBA, and (D) CS-ES2-AF.Abbreviations: CS, chondroitin sulfate; 1H-NMR, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Figure 2 Characterization of CS-ES2-AF nanoparticles. (A) TEM image of CS-ES2-AF and ES2-AF nanoparticles. (B) Size distribution of CS-ES2-AF and ES2-AF nanoparticles.

Abbreviations: CS, chondroitin sulfate; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.

Figure 2 Characterization of CS-ES2-AF nanoparticles. (A) TEM image of CS-ES2-AF and ES2-AF nanoparticles. (B) Size distribution of CS-ES2-AF and ES2-AF nanoparticles.Abbreviations: CS, chondroitin sulfate; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.

Figure 3 (A) Inhibitory effects of peptide ES2-AF and conjugate CS-ES2-AF on the proliferation of EA.hy926 endothelial cells after incubation for 48 hours. (B) Comparison of the effects of ES2-AF, the mixture of CS&ES2-AF, and CS-ES2-AF conjugation based on in vitro ELISA assay. Data represent mean ± SD (n=5). **P<0.01 is considered significantly different compared with the ES2-AF group.

Abbreviation: CS, chondroitin sulfate.

Figure 3 (A) Inhibitory effects of peptide ES2-AF and conjugate CS-ES2-AF on the proliferation of EA.hy926 endothelial cells after incubation for 48 hours. (B) Comparison of the effects of ES2-AF, the mixture of CS&ES2-AF, and CS-ES2-AF conjugation based on in vitro ELISA assay. Data represent mean ± SD (n=5). **P<0.01 is considered significantly different compared with the ES2-AF group.Abbreviation: CS, chondroitin sulfate.

Figure 4 Effects of different samples on the inhibition of cell migration, tube formation, and CAM: (i) represents the ES2-AF sample; (ii) represents the CS-ES2-AF sample; and (iii) represents the CS&ES2-AF sample. (A) Cell migration assay. (B) Tube formation assay. (C) CAM assay. Comparison of different samples for (D) cell migration and (E) tube formation. (F) Comparison of the inhibition of ES2-AF and its derivatives and the mixture on CAM angiogenesis. Data represent mean ± SD (n=5). #P<0.05 is considered significantly different compared with the control group. ##P<0.01 is considered significantly different compared with the control group. *P<0.05 is considered significantly different compared with the ES2-AF group. **P<0.01 is considered significantly different compared with the ES2-AF group.

Figure 4 Effects of different samples on the inhibition of cell migration, tube formation, and CAM: (i) represents the ES2-AF sample; (ii) represents the CS-ES2-AF sample; and (iii) represents the CS&ES2-AF sample. (A) Cell migration assay. (B) Tube formation assay. (C) CAM assay. Comparison of different samples for (D) cell migration and (E) tube formation. (F) Comparison of the inhibition of ES2-AF and its derivatives and the mixture on CAM angiogenesis. Data represent mean ± SD (n=5). #P<0.05 is considered significantly different compared with the control group. ##P<0.01 is considered significantly different compared with the control group. *P<0.05 is considered significantly different compared with the ES2-AF group. **P<0.01 is considered significantly different compared with the ES2-AF group.
Figure 4 Effects of different samples on the inhibition of cell migration, tube formation, and CAM: (i) represents the ES2-AF sample; (ii) represents the CS-ES2-AF sample; and (iii) represents the CS&ES2-AF sample. (A) Cell migration assay. (B) Tube formation assay. (C) CAM assay. Comparison of different samples for (D) cell migration and (E) tube formation. (F) Comparison of the inhibition of ES2-AF and its derivatives and the mixture on CAM angiogenesis. Data represent mean ± SD (n=5). #P<0.05 is considered significantly different compared with the control group. ##P<0.01 is considered significantly different compared with the control group. *P<0.05 is considered significantly different compared with the ES2-AF group. **P<0.01 is considered significantly different compared with the ES2-AF group.

Figure 5 Binding ability of CS-ES2-AF to the CD44 receptor in vitro. (A) pH scouting of CD44 in acetate buffer solution. (B) SPR sensorgram of different concentrations of CS-ES2-AF over a chip with immobilized CD44. (C) SPR sensorgram of different concentrations of ES2-AF over a chip with immobilized CD44.

Abbreviations: CS, chondroitin sulfate; SPR, surface plasmon resonance.

Figure 5 Binding ability of CS-ES2-AF to the CD44 receptor in vitro. (A) pH scouting of CD44 in acetate buffer solution. (B) SPR sensorgram of different concentrations of CS-ES2-AF over a chip with immobilized CD44. (C) SPR sensorgram of different concentrations of ES2-AF over a chip with immobilized CD44.Abbreviations: CS, chondroitin sulfate; SPR, surface plasmon resonance.

Figure 6 In vivo tumor-targeting ability of CS-ES2-AF in nude mice bearing B16 tumor xenografts, monitored by the Optix system. Tumor is indicated using red circle.

Abbreviation: CS, chondroitin sulfate.

Figure 6 In vivo tumor-targeting ability of CS-ES2-AF in nude mice bearing B16 tumor xenografts, monitored by the Optix system. Tumor is indicated using red circle.Abbreviation: CS, chondroitin sulfate.

Figure 7 Pharmacokinetic time curves of ES2-AF and CS-ES2-AF in plasma after single intravenous administration. The results are shown as means ± SD (n=5).

Abbreviation: CS, chondroitin sulfate.

Figure 7 Pharmacokinetic time curves of ES2-AF and CS-ES2-AF in plasma after single intravenous administration. The results are shown as means ± SD (n=5).Abbreviation: CS, chondroitin sulfate.

Table 1 Pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma concentration of ES2-AF and CS-ES2-AF in mice

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