Mycosynthesis, characterization, anticancer and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles from endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpureogenus

Figures & data

Figure 1 . Synthesis of the Tp-AgNPs using the endophytic fungi extracts and their characterization by UV-visible spectrophotometer (A), FTIR analysis (B), Particle size analysis (C), XRD pattern analysis (D).

Abbreviations: FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; XRD, X-ray diffraction; Tp-AgNPs, Talaromyces purpureogenus silver nanoparticles.

Figure 2 FETEM image of Tp-AgNPs at <100 nm (A) and 20 nm (B). EDS-based mapping of the Ag (C) and carbon in Tp-AgNPs (D). EDS chromatograph of Tp-AgNPs (E).

Abbreviations: FETEM, field emission transmission electron microscopy; Tp-AgNPs, Talaromyces purpureogenus silver nanoparticles; EDS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; Ag, silver.

Figure 3 Cytotoxicity of Tp-AgNPs and AgNO₃ in A549 cells (A). Flow cytometry-based analysis of cell death in A549 cells untreated (B) and treated with Tp-AgNPs (C) and analysis of the ROS generation in A549 cells untreated (E) and treated with Tp-AgNPs (D).

Abbreviations: CK, control group; Tp-AgNPs, Talaromyces purpureogenus silver nanoparticles; AgNO3, silver nitrate; ROS, reactive oxygen species. 

Table 1 Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by endophytic fungi

No.	Name of host plant	Name of endophytic fungi	AgNPs size (nm)	Application	Reference
1	Solanum nigrum	Setosphaeria sp.	20–50	Antibacterial	^Citation49
2	Solanum lycopersicum L.	Aspergillus terreus	45.2	Antifungal	^Citation50
3	Salacia chinensis	Phomopsis liquidambaris	18.7	Antimicrobial and larvicidal activity	^Citation51
4	Taxus baccata L.	Nemania sp.	33.52	Antibacterial	^Citation52
5	Chetomorpha antennina	Penicillium polonicum ARA 10	10–15	Antibacterial	^Citation53
6	Withania Somnifera	Fusarium semitectum	–	Antibacterial	^Citation54
7	Simarouba glauca	Aspergillus niger	41.9	Antibacterial Antioxidant Antimitotic	^Citation55
8	Calotropis procera	Aspergillus terreus	16.45	Antibacterial	^Citation56
9	Chetomorpha antennina	Penicillium polonicum	10–15	Antibacterial	^Citation57
10	Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Anabasis articulate, Mentha Cornulaca	Alternaria arborescens Alternaria alternata Alternaria brassicae Nigrospora oryzae Penicillium crustosum	5–20	Antimicrobial	^Citation58
11	Tectona grandis	Chaetomium globosum	16	Antibacterial	^Citation59
12	orchids, Dendrobium nobile, Dendrobium hibiki, Oncidium altissimum	KDH5 VDN3B	15–25	Antibacterial	^Citation60
13	Raphanus sativus	Alternaria sp	10–30	Antibacterial	^Citation61
14	Glycosmis mauritiana	Penicillium	65	Antioxidant Antibacterial	^Citation62
15	Psidium guajava Linn.	Pestaloptiopsis pauciseta	123–195	Unknown	^Citation63
16	Catharanthusroeus	Curvularia lunata	26	Antimicrobial	^Citation64
17	Centella asiatica	Aspergillus niger	10–50	Antimicrobial	^Citation65
18	Potentilla fulgens L.	Aspergillus tamari PFL2, Aspergillus niger PFR6 Penicllium ochrochloron PFR8.	3.5 8.7 7.7	Unknown	^Citation66
19	Curcuma longa	Penicillium sp.	25–30	Antibacterial	^Citation67
20	Rhizophora mangle Laguncularia racemosa	MGE-201 L-2–2	35	Antifungal Antibacterial	^Citation68
21	Pinus densiflora S. et Z.	Talaromyces purpureogenus	<50	Antibacterial	Present study

Table 2 Zone of inhibition of produced by Tp-AgNPs synthesized from endophytic fungi Talaromyces purpureogenus against bacterial pathogens

Pathogenic bacterial strains	Zone of inhibition (mm)
	Vancomycin (5 μg/mL)	Silver nanoparticles (Tp-AgNPs)
		25 μg/mL	50 μg/mL	75 μg/mL	100 μg/mL
S. aureus	9	6	7	8	9
B.cereus	22	8	9	10	11
S. enterica	20	8	9	9.5	11
P. aeruginosa	15	7.5	8	10.5	13
E. coli	8	8	8.5	9.5	11

Abbreviations: Tp-AgNPs, Talaromyces purpureogenus silver nanoparticles; S.aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; B.cereus, Bcillus cereus; S.enterica, Salmonella entrica; P.aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa;E.coli, Escherichia coli.

Figure 4 Antibactrial activity of Tp-AgNPs: Staphylococcus aureus (A), Bcillus cereus (B), Salmonella entrica (C), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (D), and Escherichia coli (E). Ab – vancomycin; different concentrations of Tp-AgNPs solution: 25–100 µg mL⁻¹.

Abbreviations: Tp-AgNPs, Talaromyces purpureogenus silver nanoparticles; Ab, vancomycin.

Table 3 Cell wound healing efficiency of Tp-AgNPs

Concentration of Tp-AgNPs (μg/mL)	Wound healing area (cm^2)
	0 hrs	12 hrs	24 hrs	48 hrs
Untreated	5.244	3.8	3.79	2.356
1	5.434	3.487	2.888	1.976
5	5.776	4.18	3.42	1.824
10	6.156	3.42	2.546	1.436

Abbreviation: Tp-AgNPs, Talaromyces purpureogenus silver nanoparticles.

Figure 5 Wound healing effect of the Tp-AgNPs in NIH3T3 cells at different time intervals.

Abbreviations: CK, control group; Tp-AgNPs, Talaromyces purpureogenus silver nanoparticles; NIH3T3, Swiss albino mouse embryo tissue.

Figure 6 The growth rate of wound healing effort of the Tp-AgNPs in NIH3T3 cells at different time intervals.

Abbreviations: Tp-AgNPs, Talaromyces purpureogenus silver nanoparticles; NIH3T3, Swiss albino mouse embryo tissue.

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