Figures & data
Table 1 The small library of NPs used in this work
Figure 2 TEM images of cell uptake of various NPs. The NPs were distributed in/beside the cells as the arrow indicated.
![Figure 2 TEM images of cell uptake of various NPs. The NPs were distributed in/beside the cells as the arrow indicated.](/cms/asset/8af71c60-e2fc-429d-876f-2a6d21fa9bfc/dijn_a_12190966_f0002_b.jpg)
Figure 3 Viability of HUVECs exposed with NPs from CCK-8 assay. The * indicates significant differences between the control group and the nanoparticles treatment group (*: P<0.05, **: P<0.01).
![Figure 3 Viability of HUVECs exposed with NPs from CCK-8 assay. The * indicates significant differences between the control group and the nanoparticles treatment group (*: P<0.05, **: P<0.01).](/cms/asset/57720cca-40c7-4044-a38e-4b00ff63f338/dijn_a_12190966_f0003_c.jpg)
Figure 4 (A) The intracellular ROS level and (B) catalase activity of HUVECs incubated with various NPs. The concentration of NPs in (B) was listed below: Au (50 nm): 200 µg mL−1, Pt (70 nm): 1 µg mL−1, MWCNTs: 7.5 µg mL−1, SiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, TiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, Dex-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1, and DMSA-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1. *: P<0.05, **: P<0.01 compared with the control group.
![Figure 4 (A) The intracellular ROS level and (B) catalase activity of HUVECs incubated with various NPs. The concentration of NPs in (B) was listed below: Au (50 nm): 200 µg mL−1, Pt (70 nm): 1 µg mL−1, MWCNTs: 7.5 µg mL−1, SiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, TiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, Dex-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1, and DMSA-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1. *: P<0.05, **: P<0.01 compared with the control group.](/cms/asset/01857299-9dcb-445b-8c80-2d466fe262f8/dijn_a_12190966_f0004_c.jpg)
Figure 5 (A) Effects of NPs on the adherens junction of HUVECs were observed from confocal microscope. Scale bar is 20 µm. (B) Western-blot result of VE-cadherin protein expression by endothelial cells incubated with NPs. The concentration of NPs was listed below: Dex-Fe2O3: 120 µg Fe mL−1, DMSA-Fe2O3: 60 µg Fe mL−1, SiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, TiO2 (25 nm): 25 µg mL−1, Pt (70 nm): 1 µg mL−1, Au (50 nm): 200 µg mL−1, and MWCNTs: 7.5 µg mL−1. (C) Gap widths between cells treated by NPs which calculated from 10 groups. **: P<0.01 compared with the control group.
![Figure 5 (A) Effects of NPs on the adherens junction of HUVECs were observed from confocal microscope. Scale bar is 20 µm. (B) Western-blot result of VE-cadherin protein expression by endothelial cells incubated with NPs. The concentration of NPs was listed below: Dex-Fe2O3: 120 µg Fe mL−1, DMSA-Fe2O3: 60 µg Fe mL−1, SiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, TiO2 (25 nm): 25 µg mL−1, Pt (70 nm): 1 µg mL−1, Au (50 nm): 200 µg mL−1, and MWCNTs: 7.5 µg mL−1. (C) Gap widths between cells treated by NPs which calculated from 10 groups. **: P<0.01 compared with the control group.](/cms/asset/96c3242a-2d0d-4f11-856d-b8905d271f30/dijn_a_12190966_f0005_c.jpg)
Figure S1 Images of HUVEC in endothelial cell medium from (A) optical microscope, HUVECs were paved stone-like growth and (B) confocal labeled with VE-cadherin antibody (red) and DAPI (blue). Normal umbilical vein endothelial cells connected closely.
![Figure S1 Images of HUVEC in endothelial cell medium from (A) optical microscope, HUVECs were paved stone-like growth and (B) confocal labeled with VE-cadherin antibody (red) and DAPI (blue). Normal umbilical vein endothelial cells connected closely.](/cms/asset/03df54c6-374f-44f8-aaea-c954c28974ec/dijn_a_12190966_f0006_c.jpg)
Figure S2 Effects on the adherens junction of HUVEC with various nanoparticles of different size, coating, and concentration. Images are taken from confocal labeled with VE-cadherin antibody (green) and cell nucleus (DAPI, blue). The concentration of various nanoparticles (Au: 200 µg mL−1, Pt: 1 µg mL−1, SiO2: 25 µg mL−1, and TiO2: 25 µg mL−1).
![Figure S2 Effects on the adherens junction of HUVEC with various nanoparticles of different size, coating, and concentration. Images are taken from confocal labeled with VE-cadherin antibody (green) and cell nucleus (DAPI, blue). The concentration of various nanoparticles (Au: 200 µg mL−1, Pt: 1 µg mL−1, SiO2: 25 µg mL−1, and TiO2: 25 µg mL−1).](/cms/asset/bbca2877-a110-488c-adb4-a5233d10cec6/dijn_a_12190966_f0007_c.jpg)
Figure S3 Measurement of gap-width. (A) Gray dots represent the pixel intensity profile of the red line drawn in (B), whereas the black line represents a two-Gaussian fit. The junction width was considered as the width of the fitted curve at 20% above baseline intensity, as indicated by the dashed red line. (B) Images from a confocal microscope. Scale bar is 20 µm.
![Figure S3 Measurement of gap-width. (A) Gray dots represent the pixel intensity profile of the red line drawn in (B), whereas the black line represents a two-Gaussian fit. The junction width was considered as the width of the fitted curve at 20% above baseline intensity, as indicated by the dashed red line. (B) Images from a confocal microscope. Scale bar is 20 µm.](/cms/asset/cd885222-48ac-4a1d-94a3-f6838222e437/dijn_a_12190966_f0008_c.jpg)
Figure S4 (A) The schematic diagram shows FITC-dextran permeating the collagen layer through a monolayer of endothelial cells. (B) Monolayer permeability was measured in samples that were untreated or treated with NPs for 1 hr. Data were shown as average mean ± SE from five groups of confocal images. (C) The representative YZ confocal cross-section images of the dextran captured in the 2 µg cm−2 collagen, fluorescent images showing nuclei (blue), and FITC-dextran (green) of confluent HUVECs on collagen. The concentration of NPs was following: Au (50 nm): 200 µg mL−1, Pt (70 nm): 1 µg mL−1, MWCNTs: 7.5 µg mL−1, SiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, TiO2 (80 nm): 25 µg mL−1, Dex-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1, and DMSA-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1.
![Figure S4 (A) The schematic diagram shows FITC-dextran permeating the collagen layer through a monolayer of endothelial cells. (B) Monolayer permeability was measured in samples that were untreated or treated with NPs for 1 hr. Data were shown as average mean ± SE from five groups of confocal images. (C) The representative YZ confocal cross-section images of the dextran captured in the 2 µg cm−2 collagen, fluorescent images showing nuclei (blue), and FITC-dextran (green) of confluent HUVECs on collagen. The concentration of NPs was following: Au (50 nm): 200 µg mL−1, Pt (70 nm): 1 µg mL−1, MWCNTs: 7.5 µg mL−1, SiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, TiO2 (80 nm): 25 µg mL−1, Dex-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1, and DMSA-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1.](/cms/asset/3fc8d01d-eb66-4f4e-a745-bdccceea80ff/dijn_a_12190966_f0009_c.jpg)
Figure 6 (A) The intracellular ROS level caused by NPs in the absent and present of NAC. The * represents a significant difference comparing with the control group (*: P<0.05), and the # indicates a significant difference between the NAC group and the without NAC pre-treatment group (#: P<0.05). (B) Confocal images in the absent and present of 3 mM NAC. The scale bar is 20 µm for all. The concentration of NPs was following: Pt (70 nm): 1 µg mL−1, MWCNTs: 7.5 µg mL−1, SiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, Dex-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1, and DMSA-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1.
![Figure 6 (A) The intracellular ROS level caused by NPs in the absent and present of NAC. The * represents a significant difference comparing with the control group (*: P<0.05), and the # indicates a significant difference between the NAC group and the without NAC pre-treatment group (#: P<0.05). (B) Confocal images in the absent and present of 3 mM NAC. The scale bar is 20 µm for all. The concentration of NPs was following: Pt (70 nm): 1 µg mL−1, MWCNTs: 7.5 µg mL−1, SiO2 (100 nm): 25 µg mL−1, Dex-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1, and DMSA-Fe2O3: 30 µg Fe mL−1.](/cms/asset/26fae295-9caf-47e5-9f8e-1d7d80b8e4b5/dijn_a_12190966_f0010_c.jpg)