Facile green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Pisum sativum L. outer peel aqueous extract and its antidiabetic, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity

Figures & data

Figure 1 (A) Outer peel of garden pea (Pisum sativum) used in the synthesis of AgNPs; (B) Ultra Violet (UV-VIS) spectral analysis of AgNPs generated under different lighting conditions.

Abbreviation: AgNPs, silver nanoparticles.

Figure 2 (A) FT-IR spectra of the PS extract and the AgNPs synthesized under laboratory lighting (NL-AgNP) and sunlight (SL-AgNP); (B) XRD spectra; (C) SEM image; and (D) EDX spectral data.

Abbreviations: AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; EDX, energy-dispersive X-ray; FT-IR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; PS, Pisum sativum; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; XRD, X-ray powder diffraction.

Table 1 Correlation analysis between DPPH and reducing assays of AgNPs

	DPPH	Reducing
DPPH	1	0.897**
Reducing	0.897**	1

Note: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Abbreviations: DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles.

Table 2 Antibacterial activity of AgNPs against four human pathogenic bacteria

Pathogen	Diameter of the zone of inhibition*	MIC (µg/mL)	MBC (µg/mL)	Streptomycin*
Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 23514	11.10^c±0.11	100	>100	14.65^a±0.12
Enterococcus faecium DB01	9.12^d±0.30	100	>100	12.43^b±0.40
Salmonella typhimurium KCTC 1925	8.88^c,d±0.30	100	>100	14.66^a±0.21
Salmonella enterica KCCM 11806	8.70^d±0.21	100	>100	11.99^b±0.27

Notes: *Measured in mm at a concentration of 100 µg/disc. Different superscript letters signify statistical difference at P<0.05.

Abbreviations: MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.

Figure 3 (A) Antioxidant scavenging potential; (B) antidiabetic potential of the synthesized AgNPs. Difference in the superscript letters signifies statistical difference at P<0.05.

Abbreviations: DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles.

Figure 4 Regression analysis between the DPPH and the reducing assay.

Abbreviation: DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

Figure 5 Cytotoxicity activity of the synthesized AgNPs (the black arrow indicates a dead cell (floating, dark color) and the white arrow indicates a live cell (attached, faint color).

Abbreviation: AgNPs, silver nanoparticles.