https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-0267
Figures & data
Figure 1 The ingredients of exosomes include multiple proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, including RNA and DNA. And the scanning electron microscopy image of exosomesCitation175 was made by ourselves.
Figure 2 Usually, exosomes can be naturally secreted by a variety of cells, such as T and B lymphocytes,Citation31,Citation32 epithelial cells,Citation33 endothelial cells,Citation34 dendritic cells,Citation35 mesenchymal stem cells,Citation36–Citation38 platelets,Citation39,Citation40 tumor cells.Citation41,Citation42
Figure 3 The process of exosomes is divided into three parts, namely endocytic process, endosome process, and exocytosis.Citation56 The endosome is stroked by endocytosis, and then matured into a late endosome containing multiple intraluminal vesicles,Citation57 which is multi-vesicle bodies (MVBs). The small vesicles secreted by MVBs to the extracellular membrane are exosomes. Some MVBs are degraded by lysosome phagocytosis, and a small part is degraded by Golgi and then recycled.Citation58
Table 1 The Summary of Inorganic Nanocarriers
Table 2 The Summary of Organic Nanocarriers
Figure 4 The anti-tumor effect of exo-drugs mainly represents the occurrence and development of tumors by inhibiting cell proliferation,Citation10,Citation123,Citation148-150 inducing apoptosis,Citation151–Citation154 reversing chemotherapy resistance of tumor cells,Citation155,Citation158 inhibiting tumor angiogenesis,Citation119,Citation159 and inhibiting cell invasion and metastasis.Citation11,Citation160 Simultaneously, exo-drugs can also treat tumors by regulating immunity.Citation161–Citation166
